COA Exam 2 Cardiac

heart rate x stroke volume

what is cardiac output calculated by

cardiac output

volume of blood in liters ejected by the heart per minute

volume

preload

resistance

afterload

90-176

what is normal LDH levels

creatine kinase

shows the degree of muscle damage

myoglobin

non specific muscle damage but rises early

troponin

highly specific released from damaged myocardial tissue elevates in 4 hours

MUGA scan

test that uses a radioactive tracer and camera measures ejection fraction

thallium imaging

exercise stress testing

ischemic heart disease

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

angina

what is the main symptom of ischemic heart disease

colateral perfusion

what happens when an artery is blocked and new vessels form around the old vessel to continue perfusing the tissue

40%

what percentage does a vessel need to be blocked before you get symptoms

chronic stable angina

chest pain with exertion with a familiar pattern

unstable angina

chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion

unstable angina

chest pain that is a precursor to an MI

symptoms are more vague

how does unstable angina present in women

prinzmetals angina

spasm of the coronary artery after alcohol

acute coronary syndrome

broken plaque lodges in coronary artery causing a blockage eventually leads to death of the hear and causes pump failure

NSTEMI

partial occlusion of coronary artery

STEMI

total occlusion of coronary artery

NSTEMI

normal inverted T waves, ST depression

STEMI

ST elevation

females

does nonobstructive CAD occur more in males or females

12 hours

how long does complete necrosis take to occur

confusion

what different symptoms may an older adult have when having an MI

nitroglycerin

dilates coronary arteries and increase blood flow can be given 3 times 5 minutes apart

beta blockers

given post MI to decrease cardiac workload

calcium channel blocker

vasodilation, prevent coronary artery spasm, prevent cerebral vasospasm

bile acid sequestrates

converts cholesterol into bile acids and excretes via the stool

coronary artery bypass graft

uses a different artery from the body to place around blocked artery in the heart

post cardiac cath

post what must the leg be kept straight, placed on bedrest, monitor for bleeding

cardiomyopathy

thickening on the heart wall

left heart failure

causes pulmonary congestion and crackles in the lungs

right sided heart failure

peripheral edema, JVD, weight gain

class 1

what class of HF is this: no limitation to physical activity

class 2

what class of HF is this: slight limitation of physical activity comfortable at rest , regular physical activity causes dyspnea, palpitations

Class 3

what class of HF is this: marked limitation with exercise, comfortable at rest, less than normal activity causes dyspnea and palpitations

class 4

what class of HF is this: unable to complete physical activity without discomfort

stenosis

stiffening of valve leaflets narrowing the opening and obstructing flow

regurgitation

blood flows or leaks backwards because of incomplete closing of the valves

prolapse

valve leaflets bulge backwards causing regurge

aortic stenosis

stenosis of which valve causes: dyspnea, peripheral cyanosis, high pitched murmur, syncope

mitral stenosis

stenosis of which valve causes: RV hypertrophy, cough, pulmonary edema, low diastolic murmur, common in young women

aortic regurgitation

causes LV hypertrophy high pitched blowing murmur, bounding arterial pulse, orthopnea

mitral regurgitation

causes LA and LV hypertrophy, JVD, pitting edema, high pitched blowing murmur, dyspnea on exertion

infective endocarditis

infection of the innermost layer of the heart affecting the heart valves

osler nodes

red painful nodes in the fingers and toes from infective endocarditis

janeway lesions

red painless spots on the palms and soles of the feet from infective endocarditis

splinter hemorrhages

tiny vertical blood clots present under the nails from infective endocarditis