Chapter 10-11: Nutrition

During pregnancy what is the healthy weight gain?

For 1st trimester: 3 pounds gain

After 1st trimester, need to gain 1 pound a week

During pregnancy does everyone need to gain weight?

This depends on the pre-pregnancy weight.

Weight: Underweight pregnant women

should gain 28-40 pounds

Weight: Healthy weight women

should gain 25-35 pounds

Weight: Overweight women

should gain 15-25 pounds

Weight: Obese women

should gain 11-20 pounds

During pregnancy when does the need to increase calories start?

2nd to 3rd trimester calories will need to be increased especially if breastfeeding

How many calories should be increased in the 2nd-3rd trimester?

around 350 cals or more a day

Show many calories should be added during 1st trimester?

no added calories needed

During pregnancy when do you NOT increase calories?

No additional calories is needed in 1st trimester (just watch what she eats)

Folic acid

A B vitamin that plays a crucial role in cell production

Where can you find folic acid?

400-600 micrograms daily from supplements, fortified foods, or both in addition to folate rich foods

Why is folic acid good?

prevents neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly

What pre-milk substance is produces the first 2-3 days after the baby is born?

Colostrum

Why is colostrum important?

contains mostly serum with antibodies and white blood cells

Why don't you give an infant cow's milk before they are 1 year old?

provides too much protein and too little carbohydrate. Also does not meet specific energy/nutrient requirements

When can you give an infant cows milk?

At 1 year old it can become primary source of nutrients. And should be rounded out with other foods

AAP

American Academy of pediatrics

How many months does the AAP recommends someone to exclusively breast feed?

First 6 months exclusively

What vitamin does infants need if they are being breastfed, formulas

Vitamin D beginning soon after birth

Why do cravings occur?

due to hormone induced changes in taste and sensitivities to smells

Food cravings

longing for a particular food

Food aversions

strong desire to avoid a particular food

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)

high blood pressure that develops in the second half of pregnancy

When can PIH occur

most likely 3rd trimester

Gestational DM (diabetes mellitus)

glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during preganacy

Why is pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational DM concerning?

They can lead to a difficult labor abd delivery, birth trauma and a c-section

What can Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Gestational DM do to both mom and baby?

can cause preeclampssia or eclampsia for mother. Increases child risk of obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and asthma

Does pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational DM resolve after pregnancy?

PIH (usually resolves after childbirth, mom is higher risk for type 2 diabetes)

Gestational Dm resolves after pregnancy

Neural tube defects (NTD)

a serious central nervous system birth defect that often results in lifelong disabilities or death

Neural tube

the embroyonic tissue that later forms brain and spinal cord

What vitamins help to decrease a baby's risk of developing a neural tube defect?

B vitamin folate consumed prior to and during pregnancy (helps prevent)

When is something an allergy?

when you have an abnormal immune response to a substance

True food allergy

food protein elicits an immunologic ( anti-body, anti-gen) response

Breastfeeding- What are some successful tips?

- Bonding breastfeeding (can bond through formula)

-Helps uterus shrink faster

-Helps with postpartum bleeding

-decreased risk of breast cancer

-if a child does not want to eat dont force them

What macronutrient provides the baby with energy?

Carbohydrates (lactose is primary carbohydrate)

What is the recommended weight for a single birth?

25-35 lbs

What is the single predictor of an infants health and survival?

Infant birthweight correlates with pre-pregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy

If an infant is formula fed; what vitamin do they need?

Vitamin D supplementation

What foods should you delete/omit when an infant starts foods?

Sweets, canned vegetables, honey & corn syrup, foods that present a chocking hazard

What behaviors should a woman restrict from when pregnant?

-Vigirous exercise

-smoking

-alcohol

-restrictive dieting

What causes anaphylactic shock

caused by peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish, shellfish

What are the warning signs for preeclampsia?

Hypertension & protein in urine

Main source of energy in an infants diet provided by what substance found in breastmilk and formula?

Lipids

Allergic reactions to foods are most often caused by-

eggs, peanuts, and milk

What provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus?

Placenta

Premature infant

born before 37 weeks.

Failure to thrive (FTT)

falling below growth chart (not meeting milestones)

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

the body produces really thick and sticky secretions (in lungs and pancrease)

Gestation

period of 40 weeks

Uterus

Womb, where infant developes before birth

Umbilical cord

route of nourishment and oxygen into the fetus and the route of waste disposal from fetus

Amniotic sac

"bag of waters" in uterus where fetus floats(cushions fetus)

What is a healthy weight for a healthy baby

6.5-8 lbs

How many carbs/protein a day

135 a day

acencephaly

uncommon and fatal type of neural tube defect; absence of a brain

spina bifida

incomplete closure of spinal cord bony encasement (allows spinal cord to bulge through)

Chronic hypertension

hypertennsion that is present and documented before pregnancy before 20 weeks

Preeclampsia

hypertension and protein in the urine

Eclampsia

severe complication during pregnancy in which seizures occur

What are you at risk for with eclampsia

stroke, heart attack

Engorgement

overfilling of breasts with milk

Letdown reflex

reflex that forces milk to front of the breast when infant begins to nurse

Mastitis

infection of breast (ducts of breast are clogged)

Rooting reflex

reflex that cause infant to turn toward whatever cheek is touched in search of a nipple