AP Bio TEST Review

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Where are hydrogen bonds found in water?

Between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule.

What role do hydrogen bonds play in water?

They contribute to the unique properties of water.

How many hydrogen bonds exist between adenine (A) and thymine (T) in DNA?

Two hydrogen bonds.

How many hydrogen bonds exist between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) in DNA?

Three hydrogen bonds.

What are the components of an amino acid?

A central carbon atom, an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen atom, and an R group (side chain).

What are the three types of R groups in amino acids?

Nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic) uncharged, and charged R groups.

What function do nonpolar R groups serve in proteins?

They avoid interactions with water and tend to be found in the interior of proteins.

What function do polar uncharged R groups serve in proteins?

They can interact with water, positioning themselves on the exterior of proteins.

What function do charged R groups serve in proteins?

They interact strongly with water and often participate in biochemical reactions.

What is high specific heat in water?

Water can absorb a lot of heat before changing temperature, aiding in temperature regulation.

What is cohesion in water?

Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds, leading to surface tension.

What is adhesion in water?

Water molecules stick to other surfaces due to hydrogen bonds.

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

Due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

What allows water to move up a capillary tube?

Cohesion and adhesion properties enable water to climb against gravity.

How can a water strider walk on water?

Due to high surface tension created by hydrogen bonds.

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).

What are three functions of carbohydrates?

Providing energy, serving as structural components, and acting as recognition molecules.

What elements make up proteins?

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N).

What are the functional groups in all amino acids?

The amino group (–NH2) and the carboxyl group (–COOH).

What are three functions of proteins?

Catalyzing biochemical reactions, providing structural support, and facilitating transport of molecules.

What elements are found in nucleic acids?

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P).

What are the parts of all nucleotides?

A phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

What are three functions of nucleic acids?

Storing genetic information, directing protein synthesis, and catalyzing reactions.

What elements are found in lipids?

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).

What are three types of lipids?

Fats and oils (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids.

What are three functions of lipids?

Providing long-term energy storage, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and acting as signaling molecules.

Which macromolecules contain nitrogen?

Proteins and nucleic acids.

Which macromolecules contain phosphorus?

Nucleic acids and some lipids.

Which macromolecules contain sulfur?

Proteins, specifically in some amino acids.

How do R groups affect protein folding?

R groups interact with water, influencing protein structure and stability.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction that removes water to form larger molecules from smaller ones.

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction that adds water to break down larger molecules into smaller ones.

What is the impact of nonpolar to polar R group substitution in proteins?

It can enhance interactions with water and affect protein solubility and function.

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

It provides structural support and aids in cell shape, movement, and intra-cellular transport.

What is the ribosome composed of?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, organized into two subunits.

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It synthesizes and processes proteins destined for secretion or membranes.

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

Stacked, flattened membrane-bound vesicles.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

To generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.