Anatomy Lab Practical 1

Prophase

Chromosomes are visible and look like dark tangled threads.

Metaphase

Chromosomes are lined up in one line across by the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Chromosomes in two groups, moving toward opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

Nuclei reforming around chromosomes that are located at opposite ends of the cell.

M-Phase

Mitosis + Cytokinesis → One cell becomes two

Interphase

Lightly stained area in cell.

Karyokinesis (Mitosis) vs. Cytokinesis

• Karyokinesis (Mitosis): Division of the nucleus, separated duplicated chromosomes into two nuclei, stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, results in two genetically equivalent nuclei.

• Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, separates the cell into two daughter cells, occurs after or around telophase, results in two separate daughter cells.

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

One thin layer of flat cells, nuclei are dark, clear cell boundaries.

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Many cell layers, flat cells on the top surface, dark nuclei.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

One layer of boxy or cubed cells, dark nuclei are in the center of each cell, cells form tube or ring around an opening.

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

One layer of tall and narrow cells in columns, nuclei are narrow and elongated, cells are tightly packed, goblet cells are scattered around column (lighter).

Pseudo-stratified Stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Hair like cells at the top of the surface, Looks like multi cell layer but is actually only one layer (all cells touch the basement membrane), cells are tall.

Transitional Epithelial Tissue

Multiple layers of cells, cubital toward bottom, top surface are more large and rounded, cells change shape/look like tissue can stretch.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Loose messy arrangement/fibers in many different directions, open space, Collagen fibers → thicker, usually pink/lightly stained, wavy fibers. Elastic fibers → thinner, darker fibers that may look wavy or branching. Fibroblast nuclei → small, dark, elongated/oval spots scattered throughout.

Adipose Connective Tissue

Large empty looking white cells, fat cells, nucleus is pushed to the edge, little visible material between cells, each cell is called an adipocyte.

Dense Regular (Fibrous) Connective Tissue

Thick fibers packed tightly together, organized same direction fibers, Fibroblast nuclei between fibers appear thin and long, very little open space.

Dense Irregular (Loose) Connective Tissue

Thick packed fibers, run in many directions, Fibroblast nuclei between fibers appear small and dark, tangled, disorganized.

Cartilage Connective Tissue

Cells in little pockets. Chondrocytes in Lacunae.

Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue

Lacunae are rounded spaces or "holes" in the tissue Chondrocytes are round cells/nuclei found inside the lacunae. The background often looks relatively uniform, large, and smooth (matrix).

Bone (Compact Ground) Connective Tissue

Ring like organization. Osteons are circular structures that look like bullseyes. Concentric lamellae are rings of bone tissue surrounding the center of each osteon. Lacunae are tiny dark spaces between the rings where osteocytes are located. The tissue appears very dense and organized, with little open space

Blood (Vascular) Connective Tissue

Lots of RBCs and few WBCs. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are small, round, pink/red cells. Usually no visible nucleus in mature human RBCs. White blood cells (leukocytes) are much larger and less numerous than RBCs. Have clearly visible, dark-staining nuclei. Platelets are tiny cell fragments scattered between RBCs. Plasma is the light-colored fluid background surrounding the cells.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Stripes and many nuclei. Long, cylindrical muscle fibers that run parallel to each other. Striations are alternating light and dark bands running across the fibers. Multiple nuclei in each muscle fiber. Nuclei are usually located near the edge (periphery) of the fibers. Fibers are unbranched and look like long strands.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Striations are alternating light and dark bands across the cells. Cardiac muscle cells often branch and connect with neighboring cells. Usually a single nucleus located near the center of each cell. Intercalated discs are dark lines crossing the muscle fibers. These are a major clue for cardiac muscle.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

No stripes, Spindle-shaped cells wide in the middle and tapered at both ends. One central nucleus in each cell, usually elongated or cigar-shaped. No visible striations — this is the biggest clue. Cells are arranged in sheets or layers, often running in the same general direction.

Multipolar Neuron Nervous Tissue

Visible axon and many dendrites, round nucleus in center of cell body.

Thick Skin Integument Tissue

Skin where you get calluses and do lots of things, harder to break, ex: on palm of hands and soles of feet. Easily see 5 layers, no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

Thin Skin Integument Tissue

Skin on the rest of your body on normal and delicate areas. Four layers, lacking the lucidum. Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Stratum Basale or Germinative

Layer of epidermis right along the basement membrane/locks directly onto the dermis. Single row of dark cells.

Stratum Spinosum

Thick multi layered region located right above the stratum basale. Prickly star spine like look to the cells. Thinner in thin skin.

Stratum Granulosum

Appears as the dark ribbon. Granular give it the dark color.

Stratum Lucidum

Glassy strip directly above the granulosum layer. No separate nuclei or organelles, almost opaque looking, homogenous layer. Absent in thin skin.

Stratum Corneum

Outermost layer of the skin flakey appearance, much thicker in thick skin. No nuclei.

Dermis

Irregular connective tissue scattering dark nuclei.

Dermis Papillary Layer

The finger-like extensions of the dermis pushing up into the epidermis.

Subcutaneous Layer

Contains fat cells, hair follicles, and sweat glands, is located below the dermis.

Hair Follicle

Stretched out at an angle.

Sebaceous Glands

Attached to hair follicle.

Sweat Glands

Pack of cells.

Occipital Bone

Pariental Bone

Frontal Bone

Nasal Bone

Maxilla Bone

Mandible Bone

Zygomatic/Malar Bone

Temporal Bone

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Lacrimal Bone

Vomer Bone

Palatine Bone

Conchae Bone

Cervical Vertebral Column

Atlas Bone

C1

Axis Bone

C2

Thoracic Vertebral Column

Lumbar Vertebral Column

Sacrum

Coccygeal

Vertebra Body

Vertebral Foramen/Spinal Canal

Spinous Process

Transverse Process

Intervertebral Discs/Fibrocartilage

Sternum Body/Gladiolus

Manubrium

Xyphoid

Ribs

12 pairs

Floating Ribs

Pair 11 and 12

Costal Cartilage

Incisive foramen

Optic foramen

Alveolar process of mandible

Hold the lower teeth in place.

Incisors

Palatine process of maxilla

Alveolar process of maxilla

Inferior nasal concha

Angle of mandible

Infraorbital foramen

Premolars

Canines

Lambdoidal suture

Sella turcica

Coronoid process of mandible

Cribriform plate of ethmoid

Crista galli

Lesser wing of sphenoid

External auditory meatus

Mandibular condyle

Styloid process of temporal

Foramen magnum

Mandibular fossa

Foramen ovale

Mandibular symphysis

Mastoid process

Glabella

Supraorbital foramen

Molars

Greater wing of sphenoid

Mental foramen