ATI-RN Nutrition Proctor Study Guide

Foods high in potassium

• Avocado

• Bananas

• Cantaloupe

• Carrots

• Fish

• Mushrooms

• Oranges

• Potatoes

• Pork, Beef, Veal

• Raisins

• Spinach

• Strawberries

• Tomatoes

Whole grains, fruits, and veggies.

Fiber - polysaccharide

Grains, legumes, root veggies

Starches - polysaccharide

Sucrose

table sugar - disaccharide

lactose

milk sugar - disaccharides

maltose

malt sugar - disaccharides

Glucose

corn syrup - monosaccharide

fructose

fruit sugar - monosaccharide

neutropenic patients cannot eat what kind of foods?

Unpasteurized milks and soft cheeses. Soft cheeses are made with unpasteurized milk.

COLD deli meat. Deli meat should be heated up to kill bacteria.

Uncooked foods like soft boiled eggs that can contain bacteria.

ovo-vegetarian diet

the only animal foods consumed are eggs

Kosher diet

Restriction on how the food must be prepared.

-Animals must have hooves and eat grass

-Seafood must have scales and fins

-Meat and dairy cannot be eaten together

-Cannot eat birds of prey which means birds that hunt other meat (falcon, owl) but they can eat omnivore birds (ducks, chickens).

-No pork (ham, bacon, pork chop/butt/shoulder)

Macrobiotic diet

Includes plant-based foods, seafood, and fish.

Flexitarian diet

A flexible vegetarian. Encourages consumption of primarily plant-based foods with the allowance of occasionally eating meat in moderation.

hypermetabolism

a higher than normal metabolic rate. It can be due to some illnesses. (Like major burns, parkinsons, COPD, and cancer - all of these patients are using a lot of energy, increasing need for food.)

Not digestible, making it essential for digestion (forming stool and pushing it out).

Fiber

Breaks down fats

Lipase

Breaks down protein

Pepsin

Breaks down starches

Saliva

Important for development and tissue growth.

Protein

Chief source of energy for the body

Carbohydrates

The most concentrated source of energy for the body.

Fats

Saturated fats come from what source?

animals

Unsaturated fats come from what source?

veggies, nuts, and seeds.

Consists of all 8 required amino acids

Complete proteins

Complete protein examples

Cottage cheese

Fish

Poultry

Eggs

Beef

Pork

Dairy

Tofu

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K (A fat DEK of cards)

Water soluble vitamins

B and C

Which type of vitamins have a greater risk of toxicity?

Fat soluble.

Foods to avoid with renal failure

Foods high in sodium (lunch meat, canned items, peanut butter)

What should you monitor in a patient receiving TPN?

Blood sugar

A patient on a low cholesterol diet should avoid what kind of food?

foods high in fat (skins of meat, milk, solid butter)

Scurvy

a disease caused by lack of vitamin C

Pelegra

a disease caused by lack of Vit B3 (Niacin)

Rickets

a disease caused by lack of Vit D

Foods high in fiber

Beans, wheat flour whole grain, lentils, peas, lima beans, dates, beets mixed frozen veggies.

Foods high in protein

Meats, dairy, nuts, eggs, fish, milk, and beans

Foods high in iron

Liver, kidney, beef, dried fruit, dried peas and beans, nuts, leafy green vegetables, fortified whole grain products

Foods high in calcium

Broccoli, milk, cheese, dark green vegetables, dried figs, sot, legumes

Medications that interact with grapefruit

Statins (except for Pravastatin)

Calcium Channel Blockers

Warfarin

Clopidogrel

Ciclosporin

Entocort

Normal BMI

18.5-24.9

Obesity BMI

30+

Three complications of TPN

Diarrhea

Polyuria

Hypocalcemia

What kind of foods should you avoid with diverticuli?

Seeds, popcorn, corn, tomatoes, and berries.

What is utilized as energy when other sources are inadequate?

Protein

What does RDA mean?

-recommended dietary allowance

-Average daily nutrient intake level that meets the requirements of healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group.

What does DRI mean?

Dietary Reference Intake - The 4 nutrition based standards that are included in the planning of dietary intake. (RDIs, EARs, AI, ULs.)

What does UL mean?

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels- Levels of nutrients that should not be exceeded.

What does AMDR mean?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range -daily percentages of energy intake values for fat, carbs, and protein.

How many calories make 1 pound?

3,500 calories.

So if someone exceeded their needed calories by 200 calories per day, how long would it take for them to gain 1 pound?

3500 / 200 = 17.5

They would gain 1 pound every 17.5 days.

Why is snack time so important for children?

Evidence suggests that children can self-regulate their caloric intake. When they eat less at meal time, they will compensate with snack time or another meal.

What is pernicious anemia treated with?

Vitamin B-12.

Pernicious in medical terms mean deadly/fatal.

This anemia was originally given the name "pernicious" before known treatment because it was deadly. With pernicious anemia, your body does not produce enough healthy blood cells due to lack of vitamin B-12.

Whats the difference between white and brown rice fiber content?

white rice is low in fiber, brown rice in high in fiber.

Whats the difference between canned fruit and fresh fruit fiber content?

Canned fruit has less fiber, fresh fruit has more fiber.

What is the main cause of dumping syndrome?

Eating sugar.

What effects does alcohol have on blood sugar?

Alcohol increases the production of insulin. Diabetics taking insulin should drink alcohol with a meal.

What position should a client experiencing dumping syndrome be in?

Supine. This will slow the progression of food in the GI tract.

Dumping syndrome occurs when the GI is irritated. Some surgeries, like gastric bypass, will alter the way food is metabolized, causing irritation. Most of the time, people will no longer be able to tolerate sugars and certain carbohydrates.

What kind of meal will you provide to a pt whos NPO order was just discontinued?

Liquids.

Foods you should avoid with sildenafil.

Foods high in fat.

d/t delayed absorption.

Kosher rules

-do not eat pork.

-do not combine dairy products with meat products at the same meal.

-do not eat shellfish.

Hot foods

-emit odors that the client may not like.

-create a feeling of fullness.

what types of foods do you find vitamin b12 in?

meats

How to control hypertension with your diet

-eat a diet rich in nonfat or low-fat dairy products to control hypertension and therefore should avoid whole milk.

-eat a diet rich in potassium to control hypertension.

-drink alcohol in moderation

-Eat 4 servings of nuts, seeds, or legumes per week

Enteral feedings and bloating

A client who is experiencing distention and bloating should receive a low-fat formula.

enteral feedings and dehydration

-low protein

-continuous infusion

Why does drinking liquids between meals prevent dumping syndrome?

Dumping syndrome is caused by the irritation of the GI tract. The GI tract that is irritated is not used to the food in that form. This mostly occurs in abdominal surgeries, like gastric bypass. Drinking water with meals pushes the food too quickly, irritating the GI tract. Sugar will also do this because it is not digested properly.

Why should the mother use both breasts on the first day of breastfeeding?

To stimulate the production of milk.

BRADEN Scale

-A client who scores a 1 (Very Poor) in the nutrition category of the Braden scale never finishes a complete meal, drinks little fluid, and does not drink any dietary supplements.

-A client who scores a 2 (Probably Inadequate) in the nutrition category of the Braden scale only eats about half of meals or snacks and only occasionally takes dietary supplements.

-A client who eats more than half of most meals, occasionally refuses a meal, and has four servings of protein each day scores a 3 (Adequate) in the nutrition category of the Braden scale.)

-A client who scores a 4 (Excellent) in the nutrition category of the Braden scale eats most of every meal, eats plenty of protein, and occasionally eats between meals.

How does pectin help with dumping syndrome?

It slows the metabolism of foods

Examples of simple sugars

Honey, sugar, and syrup.

(AVOID these in dumping syndrome)

High Sodium =

Dehydration

When does radiation enteritis occur?

After the radiation treatment of the abdomen and pelvis.

What is osteomalacia?

Vit D deficiency

how long should a child be given whole milk before they switch to low fat milk?

2 years

Parental nutrition allergy contraindications

eggs and soy

What should you do for a patient who is receiving chemo during meal times who is experiencing a metallic taste?

Stimulate the production of saliva to reduce the metallic taste.

hyponatremia is caused by

too much water (fluid overload)

hypernatremia is caused by

too little water (dehydration)

normal sodium levels

135-145 mEq/L

Foods to avoid while taking ACE inhibitors

Foods high in potassium (cantaloupe, salmon, ) potatoes, avocados)

Low albumin is a manifestation of

malnutrition

where is potassium metabolized

kidneys

what foods should someone with kidney disease avoid to prevent heart problems?

foods high in potassium

What are patients with crohns disease at risk for?

Malnutrition

cholesterol level

140-200

LDL level

HDL level

> 45 for Males and >55 for females

Triglyceride levels

35 to 135

prealbumin levels

15-36

potassium level

3.5-5.0

what types of foods can alter absorption of iron?

eggs, milk, and coffee

what types of foods increase absorption of iron?

foods high in vitamin C (acidic foods)

What vitamin helps the eyes?

Vitamin A

Foods containing vitamin A

Carrots, sweet potatoes, green leafy vegetables

low residue diet

eliminates or limits foods that are high in bulk and fiber such as seeds, grains, and foods high in fiber.

Why do older adults require less calories?

They have a reduced metabolism

What type of foods alter the absorption of levadopa?

High protein foods

folate foods

liver, dark-green leafy vegetables, orange juice, and legumes

How many calories is equal to one pound?

3500

Good sources of folate

asparagus, beef liver, pinto beans, avocado, lentils, spinach, enriched cereal, beets

Ferritin levels

11 to 307 for women

24 to 336 for men