Bones and Joints

What are the four major types of bones by shape?

Long, short, flat, and irregular; sesamoid bones are often listed as a fifth type.

What is an example of a long bone?

Femur or humerus.

What is an example of a short bone?

A carpal or tarsal bone.

What is an example of a flat bone?

Sternum, rib, scapula, or cranial bone.

What is an example of an irregular bone?

Vertebra or sphenoid bone.

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Patella.

What is a synovial joint?

A freely movable joint with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.

What are the six common types of synovial joints?

Plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket.

What is an example of a plane synovial joint?

Intercarpal joints between wrist bones.

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Elbow or interphalangeal joints.

What is an example of a pivot joint?

Atlantoaxial joint or proximal radioulnar joint.

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) or the wrist joint.

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb.

What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

Shoulder or hip.

What movements occur at a hinge joint?

Primarily flexion and extension.

What movements occur at a pivot joint?

Rotation around a central axis.

What movements occur at a ball-and-socket joint?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

What is flexion?

A movement that decreases the angle between bones at a joint.

What is extension?

A movement that increases the angle between bones at a joint.

What is abduction?

Movement away from the body's midline.

What is adduction?

Movement toward the body's midline.

What is circumduction?

A circular, cone-shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

What is rotation?

A bone turning around its longitudinal axis.

What is pronation of the forearm?

Turning the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly in anatomical position or downward when the elbow is flexed.

What is supination of the forearm?

Turning the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly in anatomical position or upward when the elbow is flexed.

What is dorsiflexion?

Lifting the foot upward toward the shin.

What is plantar flexion?

Pointing the foot downward, as when standing on tiptoes.

What is inversion of the foot?

Turning the sole medially, toward the other foot.

What is eversion of the foot?

Turning the sole laterally, away from the other foot.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

Striated, voluntary, long cylindrical fibers, and multiple nuclei per cell; usually attached to bones.

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Attached to the skeleton and some other structures, such as facial skin.