US History Exam 2

Second Great Awakening

DEFINE: Religious revival movement in the early 1800s. CONTEXTUALIZE: Spread during a period of social change and westward expansion. ANALYZE: Inspired reform movements such as abolition, temperance, and women’s rights.

Trail of Tears

DEFINE: Forced removal of Native Americans from their homelands to lands .CONTEXTUALIZE: Occurred mainly in the 1830s under Andrew Jackson after the Indian Removal Act. ANALYZE: Caused widespread suffering and death

Dred Scott

DEFINE: An enslaved man the Supreme Court case challenged slavery and citizenship. CONTEXTUALIZE: In 1857, the Court ruled that Black people of could not be U.S. citizens . ANALYZE: Increased tensions between North and South before the Civil War.

Expansionists

DEFINE: People who supported expanding U.S. territory. CONTEXTUALIZE: Expansions were influential during 19th-century westward expansion and Manifest Destiny. ANALYZE: Expansion led to Native American displacement and conflict over slavery

Confederate States of America

DEFINE: The government formed by Southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861. CONTEXTUALIZE: formed after Abraham Lincoln’s election ANALYZE: Secession split the nation and led to war

Andrew Jackson

DEFINE: The seventh president of the United States. CONTEXTUALIZE: He expanded presidential power and supported the Indian Removal Act . ANALYZE: His presidency broadened political participation for many white men.

Reconstruction

DEFINE: The period after the Civil War when the United States rebuilt the South and addressed the rights of formerly enslaved people. CONTEXTUALIZE: It lasted roughly from 1865 to 1877 and included major constitutional amendments. ANALYZE: It expanded citizenship and voting rights,

Ku Klux Klan (first and second)

DEFINE: White organizations that used intimidation and violence to oppose Black people. CONTEXTUALIZE: The first Klan formed during Reconstruction. ANALYZE: The Klan sought to preserve white supremacy and undermine Black political and social rights.

Liberalism

DEFINE: A political philosophy emphasizing individual liberty, rights, and equality before the law. CONTEXTUALIZE: Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, liberalism shaped modern political movements. ANALYZE: It influenced debates over freedom, representative government, and reform.

Socialism

DEFINE: A political and economic philosophy supporting greater collective or public control of resources and greater economic equality. CONTEXTUALIZE: It gained support during industrialization as workers faced poor conditions and inequality. ANALYZE: It challenged capitalism and inspired labor and political reform movements.

New Imperialism

DEFINE: The expansion of powerful nations into Africa and Asia, especially during the late 1800s. CONTEXTUALIZE: Nations sought raw materials, markets, colonies, and global influence. ANALYZE: It created colonial empires, and exploited colonized people

Theodore Roosevelt

DEFINE: The 26th U.S. president and a Progressive Era reformer. CONTEXTUALIZE: He promoted the Square Deal, conservation, and regulation of large corporations . ANALYZE: He increased the federal government’s role in consumer protection

Plessy v. Ferguson

DEFINE: An 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. CONTEXTUALIZE: It came as Jim Crow segregation expanded after Reconstruction. ANALYZE: It gave legal support to segregation for decades

Square Deal

DEFINE: Theodore Roosevelt’s reform program focused on fairness for consumers, workers, and businesses. CONTEXTUALIZE: It was part of the Progressive Era response to problems created by industrialization. ANALYZE: It promoted consumer protection, conservation, and government regulation of corporations.

Total War

DEFINE: A type of war in which a society mobilizes its economy, and resources, CONTEXTUALIZE: It became prominent in modern the World Wars. ANALYZE: It makes wars more destructive because civilian life and the entire economy become involved in the war effort.

Muckrakers

DEFINE: Journalists who exposed corruption and social problems. CONTEXTUALIZE: They worked during the Progressive Era and investigated unsafe workplaces ANALYZE: Their reporting raised public awareness and helped build support for reforms.

Harlem Renaissance

DEFINE: A Black cultural movement centered in Harlem during the 1920s. CONTEXTUALIZE: Black writers, artists, and musicians celebrated Black culture and identity during the Great Migration era. ANALYZE: It strengthened cultural pride and transformed American music, literature, and art.

Marcus Garvey

DEFINE: A Black nationalist leader who promoted racial pride, and Black unity. CONTEXTUALIZE: He led the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the early 20th century. ANALYZE: He encouraged Black self-determination and influenced later Black nationalist movements.

Berlin Conference

DEFINE: An 1884–1885 meeting where European powers established rules for claiming African territory. CONTEXTUALIZE: It occurred during New Imperialism and the European scramble for Africa. ANALYZE: It accelerated colonization without meaningful African participation and helped divide the continent among European powers.

Nineteenth Amendment

DEFINE: The 1920 amendment prohibiting the denial of voting rights based on sex. CONTEXTUALIZE: It followed decades of women’s suffrage activism. ANALYZE: It constitutionally protected women’s right to vote,

Fifteenth Amendment

DEFINE: The 1870 amendment prohibiting denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous enslavement. CONTEXTUALIZE: It was passed during Reconstruction to protect Black men’s voting rights. ANALYZE: It expanded political rights, but voter suppression and discrimination

Fourteenth Amendment

DEFINE: The 1868 amendment establishing U.S. citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law. CONTEXTUALIZE: It was passed during Reconstruction after the Civil War. ANALYZE: It became a foundation for later civil-rights protections and legal challenges to discrimination.

Thirteenth Amendment

DEFINE: The 1865 amendment that abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. CONTEXTUALIZE: It was ratified near the end of the Civil War. ANALYZE: It ended legal slavery and laid the foundation for Reconstruction’s struggle over freedom and equality.

Margaret Sanger

DEFINE: An activist who promoted birth control and access to contraception. CONTEXTUALIZE: She worked in the early 20th century when contraception was restricted and controversial. ANALYZE: Her activism helped bring birth control into public debate

Russian Revolution

DEFINE: The revolutions of 1917 that ended Russia’s monarchy . CONTEXTUALIZE: Russia faced World War I, food shortages, economic hardship, . ANALYZE: The revolution led to a communist government and reshaped international politics.

Lost Cause of the Confederacy

DEFINE: A false historical narrative that glorifies the Confederacy and minimizes slavery’s role in the Civil War. CONTEXTUALIZE: It spread after the Civil War. ANALYZE: It distorted history and helped justify white supremacy and segregation.

First World War

DEFINE: A global war fought from 1914 to 1918. CONTEXTUALIZE: Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism contributed to the conflict;ANALYZE: It caused enormous destruction, and increased the United States’ international role.

Leo Frank (Antisemitism)

DEFINE: A Jewish factory manager convicted in a highly publicized murder case and lynched in Georgia in 1915. CONTEXTUALIZE: His case unfolded amid antisemitism. ANALYZE: It exposed prejudice and mob violence in American society and raised serious questions about justice.