Introduction to Globalization_Part 1

Globalization

• increase in free trade, global economic organization, and regional trade blocks.

• The speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet.

• It promotes and increases interactions between different regions and populations around the globe.

Globalization

• The process of spreading ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services around the world.

• Connects countries through economic, political, and cultural interactions.

• In business, it involves the following:

Free Trade

Flow of capital across countries

Access to foreign resources and labor

Why study globalization?

• To understand how countries and people are connected.

• To see how global events can affect our daily lives.

• To understand the movement of goods, services, information, and people across countries.

• To recognize the opportunities and challenges created by globalization.

• To become more aware of how we interact with other cultures and countries.

• 16th Century- Age of Exploration

• 19th Century-Industrial Revolution

• After World War II

• The Spread of Technology and the Internet

4 Major Periods of Globalization

1st Period: 16th Century-Age of Exploration

• European Nations began to establish trade routes and colonies in other parts of the world.

2nd Period: 19th Century-Industrial Revolution

• Transportation and Communication Technologies, Steam Engine, telegraph and railroads

• Rise of Capitalism and Modern Economic System

3rd Period: After World War II

• Establishment of International Organizations; United Nations, World Bank and International Monetary Fund

• Multinational Corporation and Growth of Global Trade

4th Period: The Spread of Technology and the Internet

• Present

Critics of Globalization

• Income Inequality, Exploitation of Workers and Environmental Degradation

Characteristics of Globalization

• There is social mobility of movement of people regardless of reasons

• There is an intensification of interactions

• It’s an active process

• Borderless interaction

• Spread of ideas, knowledge, technology, culture, religion, etc.

Marshall Mcluhan

• He was the first theorist who in 1964 spoke of the idea of the Global Village in his essay “Understanding Media: The Extension of Man”

Global Village

• Through globalization the world has become a borderless world.

• Media has connected the world in ways that created a global village.

Manfred Steger

• He was born on 1961 and he is a Professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

• He was also a Professor of Global Studies and Director of the Globalism Research Centre at RMIT University in Australia until 2013.

• His research and teaching spans globalization, ideology, and non-violence.

Globalization

• refers to the expansion of intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world place.

Expansion

• Refers to both the creation of new social networks and multiplication of existing connections.

Intensification

• Expansion, Stretching, and Acceleration of networks.

Globalism

• a way of thinking or an ideology that sees the world as interconnected, where countries, economies, and cultures should work together as one global community.

Arjun Appadurai

Globalization

• He proposed 5 dimensions of global cultural flow, namely Ethnoscapes, Technoscapes, Mediascapes, Financescapes, and ideoscapes.

5 Dimesions of Global Cultural Flow

1. Ethnoscape - refers to global movement of people.

2. Mediascapes - The flow of media and information that shapes how people view the world.

3. Technoscape- refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software.

4. Ideoscape - refers to the realm where political ideas move around.

5. Financescapes - denotes the global circulation of money.

Anthony Mcgrew

Globalization

• is the process where the world becomes more interconnected and similar (sameness) in terms of economy, culture, politics, and technology, going beyond the boundaries of individual countries.

Michael Freeden

Globalization

• is not just one idea but a collection of many different processes happening at the same time. These processes are often messy or hard to define all together.

• In part, its conceptual unwieldiness arises from the fact global flows occur in different physical and mental dimension.

Drivers of Globalization

1. Trade Liberalization

• Reducing or removing barriers to international trade.

• Makes it easier and cheaper for countries to exchange goods and services. (Example: Lower tariffs on imported products.)

2. Improvements in Technology

• Advances in tools, machines, and digital systems.

• Increases efficiency, productivity, and global connectivity. (Example: The internet enables instant access to information worldwide.)

3. Improved Communication and Transportation

• Technology has made communication and travel faster and more affordable.

• Facilitates the movement of people, goods, and information across countries. (Example: Video calls and faster international shipping services.)

• Political Globalization

• Economic Globalization

• Cultural Globalization

Types of Globalization

Political Globalization

• the way governments and political systems around the world become more connected and influence each other.

Examples:

• The United Nations (UN) where countries work together on peace and security.

• The Paris Agreement on climate change, where policies in one country affect others.

• When one country’s election or law (like U.S)

Economic Globalization

• the growing of countries’ economies through trade, business, money, and people, creating one big global economy.

Examples:

• Products like iPhones are designed in the U.S, assembled in China, and sold worldwide.

• The World Trade Organizations (WTO) helps countries trade more freely.

• Overseas workers (like OFWs from the Philippines) send money back home, linking economies.

Cultural Globalization

• the spread and mixing of cultures worldwide, made possible by the internet, social media, and faster travel.

Examples:

• K-pop and Korean drams gaining fans all over the world.

• People everywhere eating sushi, pizza, or McDonald’s.

• TikTok trends being followed by millions across different countries.

Advantages of Globalization

1. An open economy spurs fast innovation with fresh ideas from abroad.

2. Exports jobs often pay more than other jobs.

3. Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods and services in which they are comparative advantageous.

Disadvantages of Globalization

1. Exploitation of Underdeveloped Countries

2. Widening of Rich-poor Gap

3. Harmful Effects on small industries and small business.