Memory

Powerpoint 4

What is the first type of Long-Term memory?

Explicit Memory

What is the second type of Long-Term memory?

Implicit Memory

What are Explicit Memories?

Episodic ~ Recollection of life events/autobiographical knowledge
Semantic ~ Facts

What are Implicit Memories?

Procedural ~ Well-learned tasks
Conditional Associations

Does Explicit Memory require conscious effort?

Yes

Does Implicit Memory require conscious effort?

No, it’s more automatic

What is the first type of memory from the Classic Memory Model?

Sensory Memory (Visual & Auditory)

What is the second type of memory from the Classic Memory Model?

Short-term Memory

What is the third type of memory from the Classic Memory Model?

Long-term Memory

Duration capacity of Sensory Memory

Seconds or less

Storage capacity of Sensory Memory

Relatively large

Duration capacity of Short-term Memory (without rehearsal)

Seconds

Storage capacity of Short-term Memory

5-9 Items

What is Short-term Memory currently referred to as?

Working Memory

Duration capacity of Long-term Memory

Relatively Unlimited

Storage capacity of Long-term Memory

Relatively Unlimited

Do we forget details because our Long-term Memory gets too full?

No

What is the First necessary process to form a Memory?

Encode

What is the Second necessary process to form a Memory?

Store

What is the Third necessary process to form a Memory?

Retrieve

What is Encoding to form a Memory?

Process of getting information into memory system

What is Storing to form a Memory?

Retention of encoded information over time

What is Retrieving to form a Memory?

Process of getting information out of memory storage

Does Encoding Explicit Memories require attention?

Yes, but it’s limited so attention is selective

What does selective attention contribute to?

Encoding Failure (fail to get info into Memory System)

How is info processed?

At different levels

What is the first level of Processing?

Shallow Processing

What is the second level of Processing?

Deep Processing

What does Shallow Processing focus on?

On superficial features

What does Deep Processing focus on?

On meaning

What processes at the Deepest level?

Personally meaningful info

Why is Personally meaningful info processed the way it is?

It gets more attention (better encoded) than less personally meaningful information

How are memories stored in long-term memory?

As a web of associations

What do Associations serve as in memory?

Retrieval cues that activate memory

What is the first thing to associate with newly-encoded info?

Other bits of info in our surroundings (smells, sights, mood, etc.)

What is the second thing to associate with newly-encoded info?

Other bits of info in long-term memory (more bits, more meaningful)

What does a depressed mood make us more likely to do?

Focus on & encode negative stimuli

What does it mean for mood to be a retrieval cue?

That we retrieve info encoded previously when in the same mood

How do you break downward spiral?

Make effort to break it, focusing on positive memories & stimuli

What is Retrieval Failure?

Memory has been encoded and stored but don’t have enough cues to retrieve it

Why is self-testing better than rereading?

It ensures we have encoded, stored, & developed retrieval cues