awesome bio study time

Fermentation enables cells to make ATP in the absence of ______

Oxygen

Fermentation is based on ____ the one energy-harvesting process common to all Iife: early prokaryotes probably used it long before Earth's atmosphere contained oxygen.

glycolysis

The ATP yield of fermentation is much ___ than that of aerobic respiration.

less

Fermentation generates two energy-rich ___ molecules for every molecule of glucose consumed.

ATP

Glycolysis alone requires no oxygen for ATP production, but it needs a way to recycle ____ without the help of the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.

NAD+

Fermentation provides an _____ recycle as pathway that allows NADH to get rid of electrons and NAD+.

alternate

Fermenters replenish their supply of NAD by using NADH to oxidize _______

pyruvate

There are two main kinds of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and ______ fermentation named for their end products.

alcoholic

When oxygen is scarce, human _____ cells can make ATP by lactic acid fermentation. Oxidation of pyruvate produces lactate as a waste product.

muscle

Bacterial ____ acid fermentation is also used to make cheese and yogurt.

lactic

Alcoholic fermentation uses a slightly different pathway that produces alcohol and ____ gas as end products.

carbon dioxide

Certain prokaryotes require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen. They are called obligate ____

anaerobes

Many other bacteria and yeasts are ____ anaerobes; they make ATP by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether oxygen is available.

facultative

Winemakers know that if they want yeasts to make alcohol, their wine vats must exclude ____

Oxygen

Generates most of the ATP formed by cellular respiration

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Begins the oxidation of glucose

glycolysis

Occurs outside the mitochondrion

Glycolysis

Produces four ATPs per glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation, but two ATPs per glucose are used to get it started

Glycolysis

Oxidizes NADH and FADH2, producing NAD and FAD

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Carried out by enzymes in the matrix (fluid) of the mitochondrion

Citric Acid Cycle

Here electrons and hydrogen combine with O, to form H₂O.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Generates most of the CO₂ produced by cellular respiration

Citric Acid Cycle

FADH, and NADH deliver high-energy electrons to this stage

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Where ATP synthase makes ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Reduces NAD and FAD, producing NADH and FADH2

Citric Acid Cycle

Produces 28 to 32 molecules of ATP for every glucose consumed

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Where oxygen is consumed

Oxidative Phosphorylation

After pyruvate is oxidized, it enters this stage.

Citric Acid Cycle

Substance that is reduced as glucose is oxidized

NAD+

“splitting of sugar”

Glycolysis

Carries hydrogen and electrons from oxidation of glucose

NADH

When an enzyme transfers a phosphate from a substrate to ADP

Substrate-level phosphorylation