EAP full unit flash cards

What is anatomy?

The study of the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships.

What is physiology?

The study of the functions of body structures.

Why does a fitness professional need anatomy and physiology knowledge?

To understand how the body works so exercise can be instructed and programmed safely and effectively.

What are the three common components used to construct anatomical/medical terms?

Root words, prefixes and suffixes.

What does the root of a medical term often refer to?

An organ, tissue or condition.

Where is a prefix found in a word?

At the start of the word.

Where is a suffix found in a word?

At the end of the word.

In the term hypertension, what does ‘hyper-’ mean?

High or over.

What does HTTPS indicate compared with HTTP?

The ‘s’ indicates a secure website.

What does the domain suffix .com generally indicate?

A commercial site; it may have an agenda such as selling a product.

What does .edu generally indicate?

A university or school; these are usually reliable resources.

What does .gov generally indicate?

A government website; these are usually reliable resources.

What does .org generally indicate?

A nonprofit organisation; these are generally reliable resources.

Why should Wikipedia be used cautiously as a primary anatomy source?

Content can be edited by anyone, may become outdated, and may not be verified by experts.

Why should personal websites and social media be evaluated carefully?

They may lack editorial oversight, author information, publication dates and cited sources, and can contain bias or incorrect information.

Name four credible anatomy and physiology sources identified by the course.

Healthdirect, MedlinePlus, AnatomyZone and TeachMeAnatomy.

Why is Healthdirect considered a credible source?

It is an Australian government-funded service providing health information.

Why is MedlinePlus considered a credible source?

It is an online health information resource from the US National Library of Medicine.

How does anatomy knowledge support correct exercise technique?

It helps trainers explain how exercises should be performed to target intended muscles while minimising strain on joints and other structures.

How does anatomy knowledge support individualised programming?

It helps trainers account for a client’s anatomical characteristics, needs and goals when selecting and modifying exercise.

What is the simplest level of structural organisation?

The chemical level.

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element.

What forms when two or more atoms combine?

A molecule.

What are the smallest functional units of life?

Cells.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells that performs specialised functions.

What are the four basic tissue types?

Epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous tissue.

What is the main role of epithelial tissue?

It covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.

What is the main role of muscle tissue?

Movement.

What is the main role of connective tissue?

Supporting and protecting body organs.

What is the main role of nervous tissue?

Rapid internal communication through electrical impulses.

What is an organ?

A structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific set of functions.

What is an organ system?

Multiple organs working together to accomplish a common purpose.

Put these levels in order from smallest to largest: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Molecule → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

How many major body systems does the course identify?

11 body systems.

What are the two major parts of the integumentary system?

Skin and accessory structures.

What accessory structures belong to the integumentary system?

Hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

What are major functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, sensation, waste elimination, melanin/keratin production, vitamin D synthesis, storage and thermoregulation.

What are the three skin layers from superficial to deep?

Epidermis → dermis → hypodermis.

What is the epidermis?

The most superficial skin layer; it covers almost the entire body surface and protects the deeper dermis.

What is the dermis?

The thicker layer beneath the epidermis that gives skin strength and elasticity.

What is the hypodermis?

The deepest skin layer, closest to muscle and dominated by adipose tissue.

What is thermoregulation?

The process that allows the body to maintain its core internal temperature.

What is homeostasis?

A dynamic state of stability between the body’s internal and external environment.

Name five factors from the lecture that can raise internal body temperature.

Hot/humid conditions, fever, exercise, digestion and dehydration.

What is vasodilation?

Widening of blood vessels; during heat stress it increases blood flow near the skin so heat can be lost.

How does sweating cool the body?

Sweat evaporates from the skin surface and dissipates body heat.

Why does high humidity reduce evaporative cooling?

It limits the body’s ability to dissipate heat through sweat evaporation.

What is vasoconstriction?

Narrowing of blood vessels; during cold stress it reduces skin blood flow and heat loss.

How does shivering help thermoregulation?

Rapid skeletal-muscle contractions generate heat.

What happens to skin hairs during cold stress?

Small muscles contract so the hairs stand more upright, trapping more insulating air.

What happens to skin hairs during heat stress?

They lie flatter, reducing trapped insulating air and helping heat loss.

Describe the anatomical position.

Standing tall, legs together and knees straight, arms by the sides, palms facing forward and toes pointing forward.

What does anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does superior mean?

Above another body part or toward the head.

What does inferior mean?

Below another body part or toward the feet.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the trunk than another body part.

What does distal mean?

Further from the trunk than another body part.

The elbow is _____ to the shoulder.

Distal.

The brain is _____ to the eyes.

Posterior.

What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

Left and right.

What does the frontal/coronal plane divide the body into?

Anterior/front and posterior/back.

What does the transverse/horizontal plane divide the body into?

Superior/top and inferior/bottom.

Which plane is most associated with flexion and extension?

Sagittal plane.

Which plane is most associated with abduction and adduction?

Frontal plane.

Which plane is most associated with rotational movements?

Transverse plane.

What is flexion?

A movement where the angle between two bones decreases; think bending.

What is extension?

A movement where the angle between two bones increases; think straightening.

What is hyperextension?

Extension of a joint beyond the anatomical position.

What is abduction?

Movement of a limb away from the body’s midline.

What is adduction?

Movement of a limb toward the body’s midline.

What is horizontal flexion?

Decreasing the angle between two bones in the transverse plane, such as bringing an arm across the chest.

What is horizontal extension?

Increasing the angle between two bones in the transverse plane, such as returning the arm out to the side.

What is dorsiflexion?

Flexion at the ankle: moving the top of the foot toward the shin or raising the toes.

What is plantarflexion?

Extension at the ankle: moving the foot away from the shin or pointing the toes.

What is inversion?

Movement of the foot so the sole turns inward.

What is eversion?

Movement of the foot so the sole turns outward.

What is elevation?

Movement in a superior direction, such as shrugging the shoulders.

What is depression?

Movement in an inferior direction, such as pulling the shoulder blades downward.

What is medial/internal rotation?

Rotation of a body segment inward toward the midline.

What is lateral/external rotation?

Rotation of a body segment outward away from the midline.

What is trunk rotation?

A pivoting or twisting movement of the trunk.

What is circumduction?

A combined movement of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction that produces a cone-like movement.

What is lateral trunk flexion?

Flexion of the spine to one side, away from the midline.

What is scapular upward rotation?

Rotation where the inferior angle of the scapula moves superior-laterally as the arm is raised.

What is scapular downward rotation?

Rotation where the inferior angle of the scapula moves inferior-medially as the arm lowers.

What is a concentric contraction?

The muscle shortens as it contracts; its origin and insertion move closer together.

What is an eccentric contraction?

The muscle lengthens while maintaining tension; its origin and insertion move further apart.

What is an isometric contraction?

The muscle produces force without changing fibre length and without joint movement.

What does JAM stand for when analysing an exercise?

Joint → Action → Muscle.

For a biceps curl concentric phase: joint, action and major muscle?

Elbow → flexion → biceps.

For a squat concentric phase at the hip: action and major muscles?

Hip extension → gluteals and hamstrings.

For a squat concentric phase at the knee: action and major muscles?

Knee extension → quadriceps.

For a squat concentric phase at the ankle: action and major muscles?

Plantarflexion → calves.

What bones form the elbow joint in the course exercise-analysis table?

Humerus, ulna and radius.

What bones form the hip joint in the course exercise-analysis table?

Ilium/pelvis and femur.

What bones form the knee joint in the course exercise-analysis table?

Femur and tibia.

What bones form the ankle joint in the course exercise-analysis table?

Tibia, fibula and talus.