WHAP Unit 3 Terms

Ming Dynasty

1364 - 1644; Ethnic Chinese dynasty that began when the White Lotus Society brought about the Red Turban Rebellion and crowned Zhu Yuanzhang as the first Ming emperor; conquered lands in Mongolia and Central Asia, stabilized East Asia; Mongol attacks led to the strengthening of the Great Wall of China; Portuguese and Europeans tried to encroach on their trade “focus inward”

Qing Dynasty

1644 - 1911; founded by Manchu peoples from Manchuria; the emperor Kanyxi brought stability as well as expansion into Tibet, Mongolia, and Central Asia (established a protectorate over Tibet); Emperor Qialong led military campaigns to Xinjiang (killing many locals) and Tibet, as well as unsuccessful attempts in Burma and Vietnam

Manchu

people from Manchuria who founded the Qing Dynasty and used traditional methods to govern, such as the civil service exam

Gutenberg Printing press

movable type and the crank led to fast production of books, caused an increase in literacy, helped Renaissance scholars to access old texts, and allowed common people to read the bible; invented by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany and based on Chinese, Islamic, and East Asian inventions

Gunpowder empires

Islamic, land-based, multiethnic states in Southwest and South Asia with ancestry from Turkic nomads; called Gunpowder empires due to their use of guns in military; Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal

Ottoman Empire

1481 to 1683 (But technically lasted until WWI); founded by the Ottoman Dynasty in the Balkans, North Africa, and South East Asia, with Mehmed II as the first ruler; under Suleiman I the empire peaked

shah

a ruler of the Safavid Empire (ex. Ismail or Shah Abbas I)

Safavid Empire

1501 - 1736 (sometimes dated to 1722); a gunpowder empire in Iran established by Ismail; despite lacking a navy and natural defenses, they rose to power with military strength and leadership; peaked under Shah Abbas I

Mughal Empire

1526 - 1707; founded by Babur in India; the empire and especially trade peaked under Akbar; used caste system

caste

also known as jatis, social groups assigned by birth in the Mughal Empire; from top to bottom: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, with untouchable cahoots or Dalits outside the system

Suleiman I

ruled 1520 - 1566; ruler of the Ottoman Empire at its peak. His armies conquered Hungary, Rhodes, and Tripoli but failed to conquer Vienna

Akbar

ruled 1556 to 1605; ruler of the Mughal Empire at its peak; under him, trade flourished overseas and, through the castes, on land

divine right

A European belief in the Middle Ages that God gave kings the right to rule

Absolute monarch

a king with total authority, like King Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV

ruled France 1643 to 1715, known as the “Sun King” and claimed that he had the divine right to rule; had absolute power and kept nobles close at his palace at Versailles so that they couldn’t plot against him

Romanov Dynasty

1613 to 1917; a Russian Dynasty; conflict occurred between the Church, boyars, and tsar’s royal family

Ivan IV

ruled Russia 1547 to 1584, known as “Ivan the Terrible”; expanded eastward, conquering Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberian khanates (remnants of the Golden Horde); used gunpowder; conflict between him and boyars, forced them to Moscow to supervise them; established oprichnina, a military from low-level bureaucrats loyal to IVan

Peter I

ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725; known as “Peter the Great”; defeated his half-sister Sophia and her military called the Streltsy, disbanding the group and putting members in the army; as the “Defender of Orthodoxy” he participated in church affairs before the church got mad about his reforms; he created provinces, senate, and paid officials

devshirme

the Ottoman system to staff military; Christian boys were recruited as “slaves” and educated in politics, art, and military

Janissaries

devshirme boys who became military elites using gunpowder weapons; got political power and advised the sultan

daimyo

Japanese landlords hungry for power, controlling fiefdoms and expanding via samurai warriors; gunpowder weapons led to a sequence of three powerful daimyo: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokuwaga Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyasu

ruled as shogun from Edo (Tokyo) from 1603-1616

Tokugawa shogunate

1603 - 1867; aka “The Period of Great Peace” Tokugawa Ieyasu and successors split into the territory into 250 nans (territories) each with a daimyo and army, but daimyo or family or both had to be in the capital to avoid them becoming too powerful

Shah Jahan

built the Taj Mahal for his wife’s tomb; a sultan of Mughal India, helped beautify Delhi

Tax farming

Ottoman system to tax peasants to fund economy and military; tax farmers were officials distant from the central government; they grew wealthy and corrupt by taking tax money for themselves

tributes

empires like China got tributes from other states like Korea; also used by Aztecs

zamindars

paid Mughal government officials under Akbar who collected taxes and worked on construction and water supply; they were later paid with land and got to keep some tax instead of a salary; under leaders after Akbar they kept more of the tax to build a personal army

Taj Mahal

a magnificent tomb built by Mughal Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal; Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles; shows Mughal power and Islamic roots

Versailles

the site of Louis XIV of France’s palace; he made nobles stay there so they couldn’t plot against him; the king’s magnificent palace showed and legitimized his power

boyars

noble Russian landowners; the top social class above merchants than peasants; experienced tensions with rulers

serfdom

serfs were peasants who got land and protection in exchange for work; tied to the land they lived on; this existed in RUSSIA

Henry VIII

the king of England from 1509 to 1547; last of three major figures of the Reformation; needed a male heir but his wife only bore girls and the pope wouldn’t divorce them, so Henry founded the Church of England/Anglican church and married his second of six wives

Thirty Years’ War

1618 to 1648; a religious war in the Holy Roman Empire, Protestants versus Catholics; nobles in Bohemia rebelled against Catholic Habsburg rulers, pulled in several states and ended up fighting a political war.

Peace of Westphalia

the outcome of the Thirty Years’ War: each of the states in the Holy Roman Empire could pick either Roman Catholicism (France, Spain, Italy), or Lutheranism or Calvinism (Northern Europe) (England was protestant with a state church)

Jesuits

members of the society of Jesus who opposed Protestantism and did missionary work in the Spanish Empire, India, and Japan; part of the Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church as an opposition to Protestant Reformation (the other parts are an Inquisition (finding and punishing nonbelievers) and the Council of Trent)

Council of Trent

1545 to 1563; corrected some problems in the Roman Catholic Church and reaffirmed marriage as well as education of priests; published the Index of Prohibited Books

Martin Luther

monk from Wittenberg, Germany; found that church practices of Indulgences (paying money to forgive sin) and simony (selling church office) were against the Bible; he was excommunicated in 1521

95 Theses

Luther’s arguments against the Catholic Church that he nailed to the church door in 1517-19

Protestant Reformation

the corrective and purifying efforts of John Calvin and Martin Luther and the resulting forms of Calvinism and Lutheranism

Sikhism

a syncretic faith of Hinduism and Sufi Islam that formed under Akbar’s policies of religious tolerance in Mughal India; monotheistic, recognized the right of all religions to exist