chap 5 history

What were slave codes?

Laws treating enslaved people as property and denying civil rights, allowing legal control.

How did most enslaved people work and live?

Most worked sunrise to sunset; 75% worked on plantations, while 15–20% were servants or skilled artisans.

What necessities did planters provide, and why?

Small cabins, poor clothing, and barely enough food to keep enslaved people alive and reproducing.

Who was Nat Turner, and what happened in 1831?

He led a Virginia rebellion in which 55 white people were killed before authorities suppressed it.

What were the Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman's roles?

A secret network helping enslaved people escape; Tubman, once free, helped others escape.

How many people escaped through the Underground Railroad yearly?

About 1,000, a small percentage of all enslaved people.

How did enslaved people resist slavery?

They escaped or subtly resisted by faking illness, losing tools, and stealing.

Why did Southern planters defend slavery?

It protected their wealth and power, and they benefited from enslaved labor.

How did some religious leaders and white Southerners justify slavery?

Some selectively used the Bible; others falsely claimed white racial superiority.

What did Zachary Taylor believe about California's statehood, and why was it controversial?

Residents should decide whether it allowed slavery, but this threatened the free/slave state balance.

Who proposed the Compromise of 1850, and what were its four parts?

Henry Clay; California free, Utah and New Mexico decide, slave trade ends in D.C., and Fugitive Slave Act.

What did the Compromise of 1850 do about slavery in Washington, D.C.?

It ended the slave trade there, but not slavery itself.

What was the Fugitive Slave Act?

A law requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned to their enslavers, even from the North.

Why was the Fugitive Slave Act controversial?

Northerners opposed it; free Black people risked being mistaken for escapees or identified by informants.

How did people resist the Fugitive Slave Act, and what did Frederick Douglass organize?

They monitored informants, resisted enforcement, or left the country; Douglass organized the National Black Convention in 1853.

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, when, and why?

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote it in 1851 to expose slavery's cruelty; it was popular in the North and hated in the South.

How did the North and South differ in population and literacy?

The South was about 35% African American with 83% literacy excluding enslaved people; the North was under 2% African American with 94% literacy.

How did the North and South differ economically?

The South relied on agriculture and enslaved labor; the North used wage labor and had 85% of the nation's factories versus 15% in the South.

Why did Lincoln's election increase Southern support for secession?

Southern leaders feared his Republican and antislavery views threatened slavery.

What is secession, and when did South Carolina secede?

Leaving the United States; South Carolina seceded on December 20, 1860.

Which seven states first formed the Confederacy?

South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Who was president during the start of the secession crisis, and why did he struggle?

James Buchanan; he failed to reach an agreement to prevent secession.

What was Lincoln's position on secession?

He opposed it and wanted to preserve the Union.

What was Fort Sumter, and why did Lincoln send supplies there?

A U.S.-controlled fort in South Carolina running low on food and other supplies.

Who attacked Fort Sumter, and what happened?

Jefferson Davis ordered the Confederate attack; Major Robert Anderson and his men surrendered in April 1861.

Which four states seceded after Fort Sumter, and what happened to the Confederacy?

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined, expanding it from seven to eleven states.

Why were both sides unprepared for the Civil War?

Neither expected a war on such a large scale or had enough troops ready.

What were war fever and conscription?

War fever drove people to volunteer; conscription was the draft used when more soldiers were needed.

What were the North's and South's goals in the Civil War?

The North aimed to preserve the Union and eventually end slavery; the South sought Confederate independence.

What military and economic advantages did the North have?

A larger population, 85–90% of industrial capacity, twice as much railroad development, and more financial resources.

How many people fought for each side, according to the notes?

About 2.1 million Northerners (50% of eligible population) and 900,000 Southerners (90%).

Who led the Union and Confederacy, and what were their main goals?

Lincoln led the Union to preserve it and end slavery; Jefferson Davis led the Confederacy to protect independence.

How did the Union and Confederacy differ strategically?

The Union aimed to conquer the South; the Confederacy mainly defended itself.

What was the Union's western strategy, and who led it?

Move south along the Mississippi River; Ulysses S. Grant led many western campaigns.

What were Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and what did Grant do afterward?

Grant captured these Confederate strongholds in Tennessee, then won at Shiloh and Corinth.

Who captured New Orleans, and why was it important?

General David Farragut; capturing it helped the Union gain control of the Mississippi River.

After Memphis fell, what major Confederate stronghold remained on the Mississippi?

Vicksburg.

What happened at the First Battle of Bull Run, and why was it important?

Confederate forces repelled a Union attack near Manassas, boosting Confederate confidence and forcing the Union to rethink its plans.

Who led Union forces after Bull Run, and what early success did they have?

George McClellan; his forces captured places including Yorktown.

Who led Confederate forces in the East, and what happened at the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Robert E. Lee; his forces defeated the Union army, forcing it to withdraw.

What was the Union blockade, and did it completely stop Southern shipping?

It aimed to disrupt Southern trade by sea; it restricted shipping but did not stop it entirely.

Why did Lee move into Maryland, and what led to Antietam?

He aimed to disrupt Northern transportation; the Union found his orders and intercepted his army.

What happened at Antietam, and why was it important?

The one-day battle ended without a clear victory but stopped Lee's advance and gave Lincoln an opening to announce emancipation.

Why had Lincoln delayed emancipation, and how did Antietam help him?

He feared losing border states and lacked broad Northern support; Antietam gave him a strategic opportunity.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation, and when did it take effect?

Lincoln declared enslaved people in rebelling areas free; it took effect January 1, 1863.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the war?

It made ending slavery a central Union goal and allowed Black men to serve in the Union military.

Why did Lincoln keep replacing Union generals?

He struggled to find a commander who could stop Lee's advances.

Who commanded Union forces at Gettysburg, and what happened?

George Meade led the Union to victory in the three-day Pennsylvania battle.

Why was Gettysburg important, and what was the Gettysburg Address?

The Union victory weakened Lee and stopped the invasion; Lincoln's address emphasized equality and preserving the Union.

Who did Lincoln appoint to lead all Union forces in 1864?

Ulysses S. Grant.

What three obstacles remained for the Union in 1864?

The Confederate Army of Tennessee, Lee's control of Richmond, and Confederate control of the Shenandoah Valley.

How did Grant change Union strategy?

He coordinated armies and maintained relentless pressure, causing more casualties but wearing down Confederate forces.

Who led the Union campaign through Georgia toward Atlanta?

William Tecumseh Sherman.

Why did the war continue after Sherman's successes in Georgia?

Lee's army and the Confederate stronghold at Richmond remained major obstacles.

What happened to Davis and Lee as the Union advanced?

Davis fled Richmond, and Lee's army was forced to retreat.

Where and when did Lee surrender, and who accepted it?

At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865; Ulysses S. Grant accepted the surrender.

What event effectively ended the Civil War?

Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.

Who assassinated Lincoln, where, and when?

John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865.

How did Uncle Tom's Cabin affect attitudes toward slavery?

It exposed slavery's cruelty and increased antislavery feeling in the North.

Why did the North oppose the Fugitive Slave Act?

It forced cooperation in returning escapees and endangered free African Americans.

What did Lincoln hope to achieve by preserving the Union?

Keep the United States united while moving toward ending slavery.

What happened to the Confederacy after Lee's surrender?

Its main army surrendered, effectively ending the Civil War.

What did the Union blockade aim to accomplish?

Disrupt Southern shipping and trade and weaken the Confederacy.

How did Lincoln and Davis differ as leaders?

Lincoln focused on preserving the Union; Davis struggled to unify the Confederacy while defending states' rights.

What role did the Battle of Antietam play in Britain's response to the war?

The Union's strategic success made Britain less likely to support the Confederacy.

What did the Gettysburg victory do to Lee's army?

It severely weakened his forces and boosted Union morale.