intro to ID lecture (until exam 1)

built environment, natural

the … … refers to all human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity

Good design creates a balance between … and built environment

public, environmental, health, economic

The designed space

Components

Buildings, infrastructure, and … spaces

Importance

Every design decision has human, social, and … impact

Provides shelter, workplaces, and social gathering spaces that are fundamental to human life/culture

Influences physical and mental … through air quality, noise levels, walkability, and access to nature

Supports … activity, job creation, and community prosperity while fostering social connections

Affects mood/emotions, stress/comfort levels, productivity/focus, social interaction, sense of safety/belonging

interior design, move

… … is the planning and design of interior environments to support human needs, activities, and experiences

How people use and … through space

Function and space planning

Health, safety, well-being, comfort, accessibility

Materials, finishes, furniture, lighting, color

The experience and identity of a space

Building codes and life safety

Environmental responsibility

air, social, nature

Health impacts of the indoor designed space

… quality

Physical and … activity

Access to … and daylight

resources, pollution, environmental

Environmental and resource challenges

Material extraction: mining/harvesting raw materials disrupts ecosystems/depletes …

… generation: processing, transport, and waste contribute to air, water, and soil contamination

Resource shortage: rising global demand accelerates this and amplifies … degradation

construction, natural

Regenerative built environment

Green/sustainable methods: minimize energy/water consumption while greatly reducing … waste–LEED and similar certifications drive adoption of sustainable practices

Resilient design: addresses … disasters through structural innovation, material selection, and strategic site planning

Regenerative concepts: creates net-positive environmental benefits, actively restoring ecosystems/enhancing biodiversity

social, safety, long

Professional and ethical responsibilities of designers

Environmental sustainability

… equity

Health and …

Economic vitality

…-term impact of materials and systems

smart, human

The future of the designed space

… integration

…-centered communities

Policy evolution

who, need, requirements, concepts, specifications, built, performance

Interior design process

1. Understand … will use the space and what they …

2. Analyze the space, context, constraints, and …

3. Develop …, space plans, and selections

4. Communicate by using drawings, models, renderings, and …

5. Translate the design into a … environment and assess …

phases, mistakes, clients, 15, 25, 30, 30

Design … help designers to work in a logical/organized way; make informed decisions step by step; reduce … and rework their ideas; communicate clearly with … and consultants; and translate ideas into buildable solutions

Pre-design (10-…%), schematic design (20-…%), design development (…-35%), and construction documentation (…-35%)

groundwork, client, budget, design precedent analysis, concept statement, color, concept development

Pre-design phase

Establishes the … for every successful architectural/interior design project–focuses on deeply understanding … aspirations, lifestyle needs, … parameters, and site-specific opportunities/constraints

… … … is done—it is deep precedent research on previous designs –understand why spaces succeed/fail

a … … is written—a short-written description explaining the main idea, inspiration, and intended experience guiding a design–it connects the client’s needs with the design direction, such as the space’s mood, form, …, materials, and organization

… … is when you develop a clear, defensible design concept rooted in your research and responsive to your specific context, including form, function, etc

tangible, spatial, circulation, iterative design, client, aesthetic

Schematic design phase

Transforms the program document into … design concepts–they are initial design ideas exploring form, massing, and … relationships

Space programming and planning–preliminary layouts showing room arrangements and … patterns

Ex: bubble diagrams

… … is the process of repeatedly developing/refining a design based on its testing, evaluation, and feedback—alternative approaches presented for review and feedback–multiple creative options are explored, balancing … goals, functional and … vision, and site opportunities/constraints

Identify color palette, select sample fabric/furniture

schematic, proposal, material, systems, detail

Design development phase

Refines the approved … design into a comprehensive, detailed …–involves selecting specific materials, defining structural/mechanical systems, and coordinating with specialized consultants

1) … selection–finalize finishes, colors, and textures

2: … coordination–integrate structural, MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing), and speciality systems

3: … refinement–develop accurate dimensions and specifications

technical, drawings, construction, specifications, quality, code

Construction documentation phase

Construction documents translate design intent into the precise … language that contractors need to build the project–these comprehensive drawings and specifications ensure code compliance, define quality standards, and serve as the legal contract for construction

1: architectural …–floor plans, elevations, sections, and details at … scale with complete dimensions and annotations

2: technical …–written standards for materials, products, installation methods, and … control procedures

3: … compliance–documentation demonstrating adherence to building codes

Construction administration: design becomes real

POE (postoccupancy evaluation): designer and client evaluate the effectiveness of the design solutions

experience, function

Why design principles matter

Invisible forces shaping how we … spaces

Balances … and beauty, guiding architects/designers to create environments that feel right

Influence mood, movement, and comfort, transforming ordinary structures into extraordinary experiences

balance, radial, alignment, visual, repetition, contrast, hierarchy, path, emphasis, white spaces, hierarchy, proportion, similar

Principles of design

.. creates visual harmony by evenly distributing elements so no area feels too heavy/empty–can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, or …

… is how elements are positioned in relation to each other–improves readability, organization, and communication–can also add … interest beyond basic text alignment

… builds consistency and unity by repeating visual elements such as typography, colors, buttons, spacing, headers, and footers–strengthens cohesion, usability, and brand identity

… highlights differences between elements using color, size, typography, or layout to make important content stand out and clarify hierarchy or function

… organizes content in a clear order of importance, guiding users through informing logically–commonly achieved through varying font sizes and levels, creating an easy/intuitive visual …

… draws attention to key elements, making them stand out, and improves visual appeal–can be achieved through strong visuals, minimal text, border frames, or imagery

… … prevent clutter by leaving empty space around elements–enhances clarity, readability, and navigation–helps establish visual … while allowing the design to breathe

… is the size and scale relationship between elements–creates visual balance, cohesion, and aesthetic appeal, helping define relationships and effectively group … elements

space, line, shape, texture, color, light, pattern

Elements behind the principles

… is the physical and perceived boundaries shaping layout, function, and the relationship between positive/negative areas

… and … define structure and form, from architectural walls to furniture and decorative elements

… and … add depth, mood, and sensory richness through material choices and chromatic decisions

… and … influence ambiance, rhythm, and visual interest through natural and artificial illumination

diverse, personalized

Eclectic styles – originated in late 19th century

Blend … textures/patterns to create … spaces

Reject rigid rules in favor of bold, creative, maximalist self-expression

Ex: Sagrada Familia Church in Barcelona, Spain by Antonio Gaudi

machine, bauhaus, function, international, glass, mid-century, industrial, minimalism

Modernist movements–early 20th century

• Le Corbusier=father of modern architecture–“form follows function” principle, defined a house as “a … for living in”--rational, efficient design

• Bauhaus/international style: 20th century German modernist movement founded by Walter Gropius in 1919–he founded the … school

  • Merged art, tech, and functionality

  • “Form follows …”

  • Merged fine arts with applied crafts, emphasizing functionality, minimalism, and mass production, leading to the … Style characterized by simple forms, steel frames, and extensive …

• …-… modern: geometric shapes, open floor plans, and expansive windows–materials like concrete, steel, and glass create clean, honest architecture that celebrates … progress–ex: Philip Johnson’s glass house

• Modernist …: “less is more”--neutral color palettes, clean lines, and functional, uncluttered spaces–calm environments emphasizing quality over quantity

brutalism

…–emerged in WWII

Raw, exposed concrete and massive, blocky forms create powerful, monumental structures–dramatically emphasizes materiality and structural honesty

art deco

… …–prominent in 1920-30’s

Luxurious materials, bold geometric patterns, verticality, and stylized ornamentation

Ex: chrysler building in NYC, radio city music hall in NYC

contemporary, postmodern, high-tech

… design reflects current trends with sustainable features/innovative materials–clean lines/simple forms adapt to evolving tech/environmental consciousness

… architecture: playful rejection of modernist severity through decorative elements, historical references, and expressive forms–reintroduced ornament, color, and symbolism

..-… style: utilize structural systems and mechanical services as design features–exposed ducts, steel frames, and tech elements become aesthetic statements–ex: Pompidou Centre in Paris

industrial, farmhouse

… design: exposed brick walls, visible pipes, polished concrete, and reclaimed wood celebrate raw beauty of converted warehouses and factories–open spaces with metal fixtures create urban sophistication

… style: rustic charm with natural materials, cozy textures, shiplap walls, and neutral palettes evoke countryside comfort while maintaining contemporary functionality

bohemian, personality

… (boho): an expressive mix of patterns, textures, and global influences create relaxed, creative spaces–layered textiles, plants, and collected treasures express individual …

maximalism

…: “more is more”--a celebration of abundance, personality, and creative expression through fearless color, pattern and decoration

Rich color palettes/unexpected combinations create visual excitement and emotional impact

Contrasting patterns

Selected/personalized collections such as art, books, and objects displayed with intentionality to tell personal stories

Layered textures create sensory-rich environments

peter, graves, charles, john, meijer, geometric, postmodern

Masters of modern architecture/NY five: … elsenman, michael …, … gwathmey, … hejduk, and richard … formed a collective called “The Whites” (distinctive use of white geometric forms)

Challenged conventional design thinking and established new parameters for modernist expression

Emphasized clarity through … abstraction and sculptural forms

White facades that highlight form, shadow, and spatial relationships

… and late-modernist styles

frank lloyd white, nature, human-centered, floor plans, horizontal

… … …–organic architecture pioneer

Buildings should exist in harmony with … and their surroundings–seamless transitions between interior and exterior spaces

Influenced sustainable design principles and championed …-… architecture that remains relevant today

Buildings emerge from/respond to their natural environment

Open … … eliminate unnecessary walls/barriers

Natural materials like stone and wood create authentic connections

… lines echo the landscape’s natural flow

popularized the fireplace

Ex: fallingwater (1935)--a home built over a waterfall

Ex: guggenheim museum NYC (1959)

le corbusier, architecture, open, pilotis, free facade, horizontal, roof

… …: the father of modernism—established the foundational principles of 20th-century modernist architecture

“Five points of …”--transformed building design and urban planning worldwide for modern living

Emphasized minimalism, modular furniture systems, and the interplay of light and … space

… (support columns): elevating buildings on reinforced concrete columns to free the ground level

… …: non-load-bearing exterior walls allowing complete design freedom

… windows providing uniform illumination and views

… gardens: functional rooftop spaces returning nature to the building

Ex: Villa Savoye, Chandigarh City Planning (a complete city designed from scratch with modernist urban planning ideals and rational organization)

ludwig mies van der rohe, art

… … … … …

Modernist architect–“less is more” (became the manifesto for minimalist design, celebrating simplicity, clarity, and inherent beauty of materials in their most refined form)

Open-plan layouts, clean lines, and premium materials that elevated minimalism into an … form

Barcelona Pavilion, Seagram Building NYC, Glass House–Farnsworth House

louis kahn, heavy, natural, geometric, touch, ancient

… …

Brought monumentality and poetry to modernist architecture

Creative spaces evoking spiritual and emotional responses through use of natural light, geometric forms, and raw materials

… materials like concrete, brick, and travertine

Use of … light as a sculptural element

Strong … compositions with classical proportions

Tactile surfaces that invite … and contemplation

Emphasize the play of light/shadow across textured surfaces, creating spaces that feel both … and modern

Salk Institute, Kimbell Art Museum

renzo piano, rogers, inside out

… …

Co-designed the Centre Pompidou with Richard …–broke postmodern conventions by celebrating technology and engineering as aesthetic features

The building structure is turned “… …”

Humanistic and contextual High-Tech

zaha hadid, geometric

… …

Transformed contemporary architecture

Known for fluid, dynamic forms, and bold, futuristic designs that challenge conventional … constraints and redefine spatial possibilities

Heydar Aliyev Center, London Aquatics Center

imperial, kamran diba, nader adralan

Persian architecture/architects

Stone palaces of Persepolis and the Ceremonial Capital of Persian Empire–symbolize … power and engineering brilliance across the ancient world

Domes and adorning Isfahan skyline

… … and … … have shaped contemporary Iranian architectural identity while honoring ancient architectural traditions

Kamran Diba created the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, which integrates Persian garden principles with great Persian geometric patterns

space layout, interact, aesthetic, chaos, boundaries, social

The … … is the invisible framework that shapes our daily experiences in buildings

Determines how we move through space, … with others, and feel in a space

Should balance … with functionality

Influences accessibility, comfort, and overall user experience

Defines functional areas within open spaces, preventing … and enhancing usability–-visual … (invisible divisions through furniture, lighting, materials), … balance (interaction and privacy), smooth transitions through space

Principles: hierarchy, zoning, flow/circulation, balance/proportion

spatial configuration, zoning layout, wasted, flow

… …: strategic arrangement and interrelation of spaces within a building to optimize flow, accessibility, and function

… …: grouping spaces by function (living, working, circulation) to create logical, efficient, and user-friendly environments

These minimize … space/reduce transition times between zones, create intuitive …, and enable multipurpose zones and movable partitions that adapt to changing needs over time

linear, circulation, centralized, focal, radial, grid, clustered, human, courtyard, climate, open, social, hybrid/mixed

Types of spatial configurations/zoning layouts

… layouts–spaces arranged along a line or axis, often responding to circulation or site conditions (galleries, schools, office buildings)--directionality, … path

… layouts: a dominant central space surrounded by secondary zones–hierarchy, … point (civic, religious)

… layouts: linear spaces radiate outward from a central hub, promoting dynamic flow and enhancing interaction between zones–distribution (hospitals)

… layouts: systematic grid pattern (common in large complexes)--for order/clarity, efficiency

… plan: spaces are grouped based on functional relationships, not strict geometry–flexibility/…-scaled (residential, campus)

… plan: spaces are arranged around an open courtyard, blending indoor and outdoor space–privacy, … responsiveness, inside-outside relationship (housing, schools)

… plan: minimal fixed partitions; spaces flow into one another–flexibilty, … interaction (residential, interiors)

…/… plan: combination of multiple spatial organizations–context-driven (contemporary)

conversation bubbles, linear, loop, radial, grid

Details of spatial organization

… … maintain visual and audible connection–creates more intimate connection

Circulation patterns:

… circulation: direct, one-way flow–efficient/straightforward

… circulation: circular paths allowing continuous movement without backtracking

… circulation: movement radiates from a central point–accessibility and clear orientation

… circulation: multiple routes and connections–ideal for hospitals, universities, etc

visual balance, concealing, expanding function, iterative

Overcoming spatial design challenges

… … challenge: aligning objects orderly to maintain architectural integrity

… disruptions–hide disruptive elements using design strategies

… …: reimagining constrained spaces like laundry rooms to solve multiple spatial issues at once

… refinement

elsie de wolfe

… … … was an NY actress who focused on french design–America’s first professional interior decorator

bathroom, living, kitchen, family, door, public

Residential zones

• Entry–a … should be near, and area should flow easily into the … room

• Formal dining rooms require privacy from informal areas–adjacent to the …

• Kitchen should be adjacent to the … room, and near a … for groceries

• Half-baths should be in … zones

• Bedrooms should be in quiet house areas

least, living, entrance, bathrooms, expensive

Residential floor plans

• Square: traffic should flow freely, … expensive to build, air/light circulation, separation of … spaces is more difficult

• Rectangular: simplest plan, … hall routes traffic to all areas of house, garage is attached/enclosed on side, first/second floor … are stacked, public/social zones well-defined

• T, U, H, and L: more variety in room arrangement, more …