Bio Midterm 1

Systems

the network of interactions required for life

Evolution

accounts for the unity and diversity of life

What is the correct order of biological organization from smallest to largest

organelles, organisms, populations, communities, biosphere

Your sister claims the shape of your nose resembles your great aunt’s nose. Which biological theme does this demonstrate?

Information Flow

Evolution

Diversity of life evolved over time by processes, like natural selection

Structure and Function

Basic units of structure define the functions of all living things

Information Flow, Exchange, and Storage

Growth and behavior of organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information

Energy and Matter

Biological systems grow and change via processes that are based on chemical transformation pathways that are governed by the laws of thermodynamics

Systems

Living systems are interconnected and interacting.

Chemistry of Life

study of the chemical building blocks, structures, and reactions that make and sustain living organisms

Cells

smallest, basic unit of life that can live on its own and makes up all living organisms and tissues

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the cells of living organisms that convert food into energy and building blocks to sustain life

Cellular Respiration

process that cells use to break down food (like glucose) and oxygen to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste product

Photosynthesis

process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight to make their own food

DNA structure and Replication

the molecule that holds the genetic instructions for all living things

Transcription and Translation

two main steps cells use to turn the instructions in DNA into working proteins

Regulating Gene Expression

cell uses to control when a gene is turned "on" or "off", how much of its product (RNA or protein) is made, and where inside the organism it happens

Mutation and DNA Repair

permanent change or "mistake" in the sequence of DNA (the genetic code) of a living organism

Cell Reproduction

biological process by which a single parent cell divides to create two or more new cells (daughter cells)

Genetics

branch of biology that studies genes, heredity, and how traits are passed down from parents to their children

Gene Technology and Genomics

the lab practice of directly changing, removing, or adding genes in an organism's DNA to change its traits

Neutral Oxygen has a total of 8 electrons and can form a maximum of_________ bonds with other elements.

2

Which of the following is likely to be a polar bond?

C-O

When electrons are shared in a bond, this is a(n)

covalent bond

Which of the following sets are LEAST likely to be attracted to each other?

two nonpolar molecules

Which of the following is NOT true about hydrogen bonding?

 

They are very strong true bonds that involve two or more metals

The subatomic particle most important for bonding is the

electron

Which of the following are properties of water that make it important for life?

It has a neutral pH, It is a good solvent, its polar

Many atoms are most stable when they have ___ electrons in their outermost shell.

8

Monomer contains the following components: a phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base. Joining together multiple of these monomers into a polymer results in which of the following

a nucleic acid

which statement about carbon is/are correct

carbon can form 4 bonds, C-C bonds are nonpolar, C-H bonds are nonpolar bonds

which molecule or structure may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria

nucleus

what feature of carbon is important for producing a diverse of organic molecules

carbon can be formed from both polar and non polar covalent bonds with various elements

what is not one of the four stages that led to the orgin of the first living cell

formation of organelles

Which of the following best describes how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide?

The monomers of proteins are amino acids, and these are linked by polar covalent bonds commonly referred to as peptide bonds.

cell theory states that

cells are the smallest unit of life, new cells come pre existing cells by cell division, all living things are composed of cells

what are lipid molecules that are important in living organisms

phospholipids, fats

a dehydration reaction

used to form polymers

Which of the elements below is most abundant in living organisms?

Hydrogen

Element

a pure substance that contains only

one kind of atom

Nitrogen (N) has 7 electrons, 5 in its outermost shell, and can form a maximum of_________ bonds with other elements.

3

Bond

form from sharing or transferring electrons

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond.

Compound

two or more different elements held together by chemical bonds, has different properties from elements alone

Ionic bonds involve ______________; covalent bonds involve _____________.

transferring electrons; sharing electrons

In a non polar covalent bond

Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

Hydrogen “bonds”

hydrogen atom that is bound to a very electronegative atom (O, F, Cl, Br) and an electronegative atom on a different molecule

Water molecules are formed from ________ bonds, meaning the elements share electrons unequally.

polar covalent

Which of the following is not a macromolecule?

Monosaccharide

Which of the following is not a monomer?

Cellulose

Polymers formed

via dehydration synthesis reactions

Polymers disassemble

via hydrolysis reactions

Nucleic Acids

encode and transmit genetic information

Monomer is

a nucleotide

Polymer is

RNA or DNA

The element below that is part of all proteins and nucleic acids is

Nitrogen

Which of the following is the smallest unit

Cell

Origin of Life on Earth

1. Simple organic molecules formed

2. Polymers formed

3. Enclose polymers

4. Cellular functions arise

Prokaryotic Cells are

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

Which of the following molecules or structures may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Ribosome

Fluid (semi) - lipids

can move laterally and flip-flop, are fatty acid length and

saturation and have amount of cholesterol

Mosaic - proteins

Integral (Transmembrane and Lipid-anchored) , Peripheral

Diffusion

molecules to spread out, move down concentration gradient (from high to low)

Osmosis

Movement of water from areas of high concentration (of water molecules) to low concentration (of water molecules)

Animal cells live

in isotonic solutions

Plant cells live

in hypotonic solutions

Simple diffusion (Passive transport)

Direct movement across membrane, Down concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion (Passive transport)

Transport proteins required, Down concentration gradient, Used for hydrophilic molecules (polar, ions, etc

Active transport

Transport proteins required, Against concentration gradient, requires ATP

Bulk transport (exocytosis, endocytosis)

Packaging vesicles required Requires ATP Used for large molecules (proteins, polysaccharides)

Metabolism

all chemical reactions required to maintain life of an organism

Anabolic (type of metabolism)

building molecules, requires energy

Catabolic (type of metabolism)

breaking down molecules, produces energy

Cellular Respiration

(not question) cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration steps

Glycolysis—catabolize glucose to 2 pyruvate, Breakdown of Pyruvate—pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, Citric Acid Cycle—Acetyl CoA to CO2, Oxidative Phosphorylation—e- transport chain takes e- from shuttles (NADH & FADH2)

1 Glycolysis Steps

glucose is metabolized to two pyruvate molecules (with three carbons each), producing a net energy of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules (eukaryotis happen in the cytosol)

2 Breakdown of pyruvate to release an acetyl group. Steps

in eukaryotes, the two pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondrial matrix. Each one is broken down to an acetyl group (with two carbons each) and one CO molecule by an enzyme complex called pyruvate dehydrogenase. For each pyruvate broken down via oxidation, two high-energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and transferred to NAD, together with H, to produce a molecule of NADH

Oxidation

systematic removal of electrons or loss of electrons

Reduction

addition of electrons (reduces overall charge)

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Where is glycolysis happening?

Cytosol

What are the net products of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (NADH) the molecule becomes

reduced

Overview of Cellular Respiration

1) Glycolysis—breakdown glucose to 2 pyruvate Form: NADH, ATP Location: Cytosol of the cell

2) Breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl CoA Form: NADH Location: Mitochondrial Matrix

3) Citric Acid Cycle—acetyl CoA to CO2 Form: NADH, ATP, FADH2 Location: Mitochondrial Matrix

4) Oxidative Phosphorylation—e- transport chain takes e- from shuttles (NADH & FADH2) Form: e- + H+ + O2 H2O, lots of ATP location: Inner membrane of mitochondria

What does the citric acid cycle mean?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain, and Chemiosmosis,

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

O2

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

H+ (proton) concentration gradient across the membrane where the ATP synthase is located

Photosynthesis

picture (photosynthesis)

Which process is most directly driven by light energy in photosynthesis

Removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules

Which structures in the thylakoid membrane absorb light energy

both photosystem I and photosystem II

Which of the following molecules are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis and are used in the catabolic reactions of the Calvin cycle?

ATP, NADPH