Anatomy for Test one

Afferent Division

incoming sensory from receptors to CNS

Efferent Division

Motor commands to effectors

Efferent two division

SNS and ANS

ANS two division

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Collaterals

axon branches

Myelin description and function

White fatty sheath and increase speed

Nodes of Ranvier

unmylinated gaps bw the myelinated

White matter

areas in brain and spinal cord that contain large amount of myelinated axons

gray matter

large amount of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmylinated axons

Demyelination

weakens the axon AP

Diphtheria

demages schwann cell

Multiple Sclerosis

most common demyelinating disease in which affects axons in the optic nerve brain, spinla cord

synapse

where neuron communicates with another cell

sypnaptic cleft

space bw axon terminal and the dendrite or cell body

Sensory/afferent neurons

deliver sensory signals from receptors to CNS

Interneurons function

process sensory information to determine motor response and are found bw sensory and motor neurons

Motor/ eferent neurons

carry motor commands from CNS to effectors

Neuroglia

supporting cells of the NS and outnumber neurons

Astrocytes

form blood brain barrier and regulates intestitial fluid

Oligodendrocytes

Myelination in CNS

ependymal cells

ciliate cells, help produce, circulate, and monitors the CSF

Microglia

phagocytize cellular debris and pathogens

Statellite cells

Regulates intestitial fluid

schwann cell

produce myelin sheath in the peripheral nerves and they can regenerated

what types of neuroglia are in the PNS and CNS

PNS

-satellite cells

-schwann cells

CNS

-astrocytes

-oligodendrocytes

-ependymal cells

-microglia

glioblastoma multiforme

aggressive brain cancer

prysynaptic and post-synaptic cell are connected by…

Gap junctions

Gap junctions

provide fast pathway for AP

graded pontetial

local changes in the membrane potential that decreases with distance and they can be excitatory and inhibitory

what brings membrane potential closer to treshhold?

Excitatory post-synaptic potential ( EPSP)

what takes the membrane potential further from threshold

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

summation

the additory effects of multiple individual post-symaptic potential

the addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse

temporal summation

the additory effects that occur when stimuli arrive at different locations simultaneously

spatial summation

what are the two voltage-gated channels and thier function

1. activation gated = opens when stimulated

2. inactivation gat= stops the entry of ions

absolute refractory period

AP can not happen

relative refractory period

AP can occus if it depolarizes but require more energy

continuous propagation

occurs in unmyelinated axons

saltatory propagation

jumps from node to node and only occurs in myelinated axons

Neuromodulator

A chemical released by one neuron that affect the sensitivity of another neuron to specific neurotransmitters.

Dopamine

• affects brain

• excitatory effects- motivation and movement (cocaine)

• inhibitory- sleep and mood

Serotonin

widespread distrubution

-brain

digestive system

gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)

• most common

• increase influx o Cl-

• reduces stress and anxiety

Nitric oxide

disolve gas

relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels walls

a chemicals diffusely released by a neuron that promotes or inhibits the transmission of neurotransmitters between two neurons

Neuromodulators

ventral root and dorsal come together to form spinal nerve

mixed nerve

Dura mater

outermost tough layer and have adipose tissue

arachnoid mater

subarachnoid space filled with CSF and looks like spider web underneath

pia mater

delicate inner most layer and it is contact with spinal cord

Lumbar puncture

insertion of needle into the subarachnoid space and takes CSF (ex. meningitis )

Nerve Plexus

network of interwoven nerves

the 3 nerve plexuses

cervical ( C1-C5)

Branchial (C5-T1)

Lumbar (T12-L4)

Sacral ( L4-S4)

dermatome

sensory nerve fiber from a single spinal nerve

Referred pain

may feel pain in one part of body while the true pains is felt somewhere else

frontal lobe function and location

speech, memory, judgement and emotions

Temporal lobe functions and location

hearing, speech, olfaction'

found

Which part of brain allows the two hemisphere to communicate

Corpus Callosum

which lobe of the cerebrum includes speech, memory, judgement and emotions

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

conscious somatosensory perception (i.e. touch pain, temp.etc.)

occipital lobe

vision

lobes fo cerebrum

frontal lobe

paretal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

Temporal lobe

hearing, speech, olfaction and it is location of Wernicke's area

what to areas of brain involved in speech

Brocas area and Wernicke's

Thalamus

relays sensory signals to specific locations in the brain; alertness and arousal

Hypothalamus

Major endocrine role, body temp, thirst, hunger,emotions and memory

Pituitary gland

major endocrine gland

Pons

conrols respiration, aids in visceral and somatic control

Medulla oblogata

cardiac contraol center, respiratory, and other autonomic functions

Corpus callosum

anables the two hemisphere to communicate

Pineal gland

endocrine gland that regulates sleep/awake cycles

it is the “gateway” to the cerebrla cortex and acts as a distribution for mos sesory impulses from spinal cord to brain stem

Thalamus

plays a major role in endocrine system, pituitary gland, regulates temp., autonomic functions of the pon and medulla oblogata, and produce behavioral drives

hypothalamus

The brain stem three structures

1. Midbrain

2. Pons

3. Medulla oblogata

processes visual and auditory data, generates reflexive somatic motor responses to visual and auditory data, and helps maintain consciousness

Midbrain

relays sensory information to thalames and links the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord

Pons

relays sensory and motor information and it is a reflex center( regulate autonomic functions)

Medulla Oblongata

cerebellum ( “little brain”)

Monitors proprioception and alters muscle tone to maintain equilibrium and balance and refines learned movement

contains the hippocampus and amygdala, stablish emotional states, memory storage and retrival.

The Limbic system

binds to cholinergic receptors in target organs (parasympathetic)

acetycholine

epinephrine and norepinephrine binds to ………receptors in thaget organs( sympathetic)

adrenergic

Dual innervation

intevation by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions