Psych 107 Exam 2: Motivation & Emotion

two types of motivations

intrinsic and extrinsic

motivation

the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

overjustification effect

intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

tangible rewards appear to increase or decrease intrinsic motivation?

decrease

expectations of extrinsic reward tend to increase or decrease intrinsic motivation?

decrease

instinct theory of motivation (william james)

behaviors are driven by instincts that aid survival

what is the instinct theory of motivation criticized for?

lack of consensus of what makes an instinct and ignoring the clear role of learning in shaping human behavior

drive theory of motivation

proposes that the maintenance of homeostasis is important in directing behavior

arousal theory of motivation

asserts that there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain

what did yerkes and dodson say about arousal?

optimal arousal depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed

difficult tasks are best performed under _____ arousal levels

lower

simple tasks are best performed under _____ arousal levels

higher

self-efficacy

an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task

albert bandura argued what about self efficacy?

beliefs about our abilities will determine what goals we set ourselves and what we do

three social motives

need for achievement, affiliation, and intimacy

hunger hormone

ghrelin

full hormone

leptin

factors affecting body weight

gene-environment interactions, calories in vs. calories burned, and metabolic rate

metabolic rate

the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

set-point theory

each individual has an ideal body weight which is resistant to change

about what percent of US adults struggle to issues related to being overweight

75%

who is at highest risk of eating disorders

women, ages 15-19, from western societies

anorexia nervosa

maintenance of body weight below average through starvation and/or exercise

bulimia nervosa

involves binge eating behavior followed by attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed (i.e., purging)

mood

prolonged, less intense, affective state

emotion

a subjective state of being that we often use to describe our feelings

three aspects of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences

james-lange theory of emotion

emotions are driven by states of physiological arousal

cannon-bard theory of emotion

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

physiological arousal is not necessary to experience emotion, but it _____ the intensity

increases

schachter-singer two-factor theory of emotion

emotions are composed of two mutually dependent factors: physiological and cognitive

lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory of emotion

emotions are determined by our cognitive appraisal of the stimulus

how is the hypothalamus involved in emotion

involved in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

how is the thalamus involved in emotion

sensory relay center, neurons project to both the amygdala and higher cortical regions for further processing

how is the amygdala involved in emotion

plays a role in processing emotional information and sending it on to cortical structures

how is the hippocampus involved in emotion

integrates emotional experience with cognition

amygdala

fear and anxiety: composed of the basolateral complex and central nucleus

basolateral complex

critical for classical conditioning

central nucleus

involved in attention

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

7 universal facial expressions

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger

cultural display rule

culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

despite cultural display rules, recognition and production of facial expressions of certain emotions are _____

universal

what part of the brain plays an important role in motivated behavior, including sex?

hypothalamus

are motivation and the ability to engage in sex controlled by the same or separate systems?

separate

what parts of the brain control the physiological mechanisms of sex?

amygdala and nucleus accumbens

kinsey’s findings about sex

women are as interested and experienced in sex as men, both males and females, homosexuality is fairly common

masters and johnson sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution, refractory period in between

sexual orientation

a person’s emotional and erotic attraction (or lack thereof) toward other people

between what percent of adults identify as homosexual?

3%-10%

romantic and sexual attraction are the same or different?

different

gender identity

one’s sense of being male, female, neither, or another gender

cisgender

one whose identity aligns with their sex assigned at birth

transgender

one whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth

gender dysphoria

diagnosis describing individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are

is gender dysphoria universal to all transgender people?

no

how long must gender dysphoria persist to be diagnosed?

six months

transgender hormone therapy

use of exogenous hormones to make one’s body look more like the opposite sex