Anatomy and Physiology I Mid-Term Review

Vocabulary flashcards generated from Anatomy and Physiology I Mid-Term Review notes.

Anatomical Position

A standard frame of reference where a person stands erect with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, and palms, eyes, and face facing forward.

Sagittal plane

An imaginary flat surface passing through the body that divides it into right and left halves.

Frontal (coronal) plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

Transverse (horizontal) plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Toward the back

Ventral

Anterior

Dorsal

Posterior

Cephalic

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Medial

Toward the median plane

Lateral

Away from the median plane

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the body surface

Deep

Farther from the body

Axial region

Consists of head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular region

Consists of the upper and lower limbs

Histology

The microscopic study of tissues and how they form organs.

Organ

A anatomical structure with discrete boundaries composed of two or more tissue types.

Basement membrane

A layer located at the basal surface of epithelial cells that anchors the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.

Simple epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of cells, named according to the shape of those cells.

Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue containing more than one layer of cells, named according to the shape of its apical surface cells.

Connective Tissue

The most abundant and variable primary tissue class, consisting of widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substance.

Areolar Tissue

A type of loose connective tissue featuring a loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, scattered cell types, and abundant ground substance.

Reticular Tissue

A tissue comprising a loose network of reticular fibers and cells that forms the supportive stroma for lymphatic organs.

Adipose Tissue

A tissue containing large, empty-looking cells with thin margins and nuclei pressed against the cell membrane, functioning in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Tissue containing densely packed, parallel collagen fibers with compressed fibroblast nuclei and scanty open space, forming tendons and ligaments.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Tissue composed of densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions, enabling it to withstand stresses applied in multiple directions.

Regeneration

A mode of tissue repair involving the replacement of dead or damaged cells with the same cell type, restoring normal function.

Fibrosis

A mode of tissue repair involving the replacement of damaged tissue with collagenous scar tissue.

Granulation tissue

Capillary-rich fibrous tissue deposited by fibroblasts during the healing phase of a wound.

Cyanosis

An abnormal blue skin discoloration caused by a deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood.

Erythema

Abnormal skin redness resulting from dilated cutaneous blood vessels.

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin and sclera resulting from an excess of bilirubin in the blood.

Bronzing

A golden-brown skin color characteristic of Addison disease, caused by a deficiency of glucocorticoid hormone.

Pallor

A pale skin tone resulting from reduced or absent cutaneous blood flow.

Malignant melanoma

The most deadly form of skin cancer, arising from melanocytes of a preexisting mole and recognized by ABCD criteria (asymmetry, border irregular, color mixed, diameter over $6\,mm$).

1st-degree burn

A burn involving only the epidermis, characterized by redness, pain, and edema.

2nd-degree burn

A partial-thickness burn involving the epidermis and part of the dermis, characterized by blisters.

3rd-degree burn

A full-thickness burn in which the epidermis, dermis, and deeper tissues are completely destroyed.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells residing in the endosteum, periosteum, or central canals that give rise to osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that synthesize and mineralize the organic matter of the bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae within the calcified matrix that sense mechanical stresses.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells originating from bone marrow stem cells that reside in pits called resorption bays.

Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone (haversian system), composed of concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal.

Perforating canals (Volkmann canals)

Vascular passages running perpendicularly to join central canals in compact bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

A process of bone development prior to birth that produces the flat bones of the skull and the clavicle.

Endochondral Ossification

A process of bone development in which bone forms from a hyaline cartilage model, producing most bones of the skeleton.

Metaphysis

The transitional zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a developing long bone, containing 5 zones of transformation from cartilage to bone.

Interstitial growth

Cartilage and bone growth from within by adding matrix internally, enabling long bones to increase in length at the epiphyseal plate.

Appositional growth

Growth occurring by adding matrix to the outer surface, increasing the diameter or width of a bone.

Hypocalcemia

A blood calcium deficiency that leads to excessive excitability of the nervous system.

Hypercalcemia

An excess level of blood calcium that depresses nervous system activity by making sodium channels less responsive.

Stress fracture

A bone break caused by abnormal trauma, such as a fall, athletic activity, or car accident.

Pathological fracture

A break occurring in a bone that has been weakened by an underlying disease, such as osteoporosis or cancer.

Closed reduction

A fracture treatment procedure in which bone fragments are manually realigned without surgery and placed in a cast.

Open reduction Internal Fixation

Surgical repair of a broken bone involving exposure of the bone and fixation using hardware such as plates and screws.

Osteoporosis

A common bone disease in which loss of organic matrix and minerals reduces bone density, making bones brittle and prone to fracture.

Arthrology

The scientific study of joints.

Kinesiology

The study of musculoskeletal movement.

Diarthrosis

A functional classification of joints that are freely movable.

Amphiarthrosis

A functional classification of joints that permit limited, slight movement.

Synarthrosis

A functional classification of joints that allow little or no movement.

Synovial Joint

A joint class in which two articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Meniscus

A fibrocartilaginous pad in select synovial joints (such as the knee) that absorbs shock, guides movement, and distributes pressure.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A multiaxial joint in which a smooth hemispherical head fits into a cuplike cavity (e.g., humeroscapular and coxal joints).

Hinge Joint

A monoaxial joint in which a convex surface fits into a concave depression on another bone (e.g., humeroulnar joint).

Saddle Joint

A biaxial joint where both articulating surfaces are saddle-shaped, concave in one direction and convex in another (e.g., trapeziometacarpal joint).

Pivot Joint

A joint in which a bone projection rotates within a ringlike ligament on another bone (e.g., atlantoaxial joint).

Gliding Joint

A joint featuring flat articular surfaces that slide past one another, allowing limited monoaxial movement.

Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joint

A biaxial joint featuring an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary depression on another (e.g., radiocarpal joint).

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midsagittal plane.

Adduction

Movement of a body part back toward the midsagittal plane.

Protraction

The movement of a bone forward (anteriorly) along a horizontal plane.

Retraction

The movement of a bone backward (posteriorly) along a horizontal plane.

Circumduction

A joint motion combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction where the distal end of a limb moves in a circle while the proximal end stays stationary.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forward (anteriorly), or turning the foot so its medial edge is raised.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces toward the rear (posteriorly), or turning the foot so its lateral edge is raised.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch or approach the tips of the other fingers.

Dorsiflexion

Ankle movement that lifts the toes toward the shin.

Plantarflexion

Ankle movement that points the foot downward, as when standing on tiptoe.

Inversion

A foot movement turning the soles medially toward each other.

Eversion

A foot movement turning the soles laterally away from each other.

Rotator cuff

A muscular structure surrounding the humeroscapular joint formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis tendons.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative form of arthritis resulting from wear and tear, marked by softening of articular cartilage, crepitus, and bone spurs.

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the synovial membrane, causing degradation of articular cartilage and joint ossification.

Arthroplasty

The surgical replacement of a damaged joint with a prosthetic implant.