kines 350 exam 2

bioenergetics

the process of converting foodstuffs (fats, carbs, proteins) into usable energy for cell work. basics of movement: how we get energy for movement

metabolism

the sum of all of the bodies chemical reactions, made up of teo reaction types: anabolic and catabolic

anabolic reactions

building or synthesizing new molecules, ex: building muscle from resistance training

catabolic reactions

breaking down molecules (ie. ATP production is started by breaking down carbs, lipids, etc for fuel)

sarcolemma

cell membrane in a muscle cell

cell membrane

semipermeable, separates cell from extracellular environment

nucleus

contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

sarcoplasm

cytoplasm in a muscle cell

cytoplasm

contains enzymes (contractile proteins in muscles), fluid portion of cell contains organelles (mitochondria)

what are the two types of mitochondria in muscle cells?

subsarcolemma mitochondria and intermyofibrillar mitochondria

importance of subsarcolemma mitochondria

maintain ion concentration gradient, provide ATP for sodium potassium pump

importance of intermyofibrillar mitochondria

provide ATP for cross bridge cycling and myosin/actin binding, important for muscle contraction

endergonic reaction

requires energy, forms bonds

exergonic reaction

releases energy, breaks bonds

coupled reactions

energy that is liberated from an exergonic reaction is taken in as the required energy for an endergonic reaction to allow it to take place

cellular respiration reactants

c6h12o6 (glucose) and 6 o2 molecules

cellular respiration products

6 co2 molecules and 6 h2o molecules

what kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

exergonic; the energy liberated from some reactions in cellular respiration will be coupled to local endergonic reactions

cellular respiration

breaks down glucose into usable ATP for energy, converts oxygen into the carbon dioxide we breathe out

oxidation

atom or molecule loses an electron (and often an H)

reduction

atom or molecule gains an electron (and often an H)

reducing agent

a molecule that is oxidized

oxidizing agent

a molecule that is reduced

why do people feel lethergic if they do not have enough vitamin B in their diet?

because electron transporters NAD and FAD are formed from vitamin B2 and B3 consumption, without them, your electrons cannot be transferred to form ATP

how many electrons/hydrogens can NAD accept

1

how many electrons/hydrogens can FAD accept

2

what factors regulate enzyme activity

body temperature and muscle pH

when does enzyme activity go up in relation body temperature

it increase in the ideal range (37 to 40 celcius), but decreases after a certain amount of temperature increase

what happens to enzyme activity changes

enzyme activity decreases outside of the ideal range (~7.1-7.4)

how do enzymes speed up reactions

they lower the activation energy

kinases

add a phosphate group

dehydrogenases

remove hydrogen atoms

oxidases

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

isomerases

rearrange the structure of molecules

if enzymes around here, it is a sign of bad health

the blood, they are used as biomarkers for what could be wrong when they are found there

elevated lactate dehydrogenase or creatine kinase means

a heart attack (myocardial infarction) is taking place or already happened

elevated creatine kinase levels in the blood show

heart attack, or muscular dystrophy

elevated alkaline phosphatase shows

carcinoma of the bone, pagets disease, obstructive jaundice (bone or liver diseases)

elevated amylase levels show

pancreatic conditions

elevated aldolase shows

muscular dystrophy

glucose

c6h12o6, blood sugar

glycogen

glucose strung together, stored in the body to be used as fuel during exercise/movement

where is glycogen stored in the body

mostly the muscles, but also the liver

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

what enzyme synthesis the formation of glycogen

glycogen synthase

fatty acids

primary fat used by skeletal muscles

triglycerides

storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue; 3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone

how are triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

lipolysis

phospholipids

part of the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane, not used as fuel

steroids

derived from cholesterol, not an energy source— used to synthesize sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

what are the building blocks of proteins

amino acids

gluconeogenesis

the formation of new glucose out of amino acids, or other byproducts of lipid metabolism, in the liver

is protein a primary energy source?

no, carbs and fats are used first