Materials, Treatments, and Resources Test 3 Hard Surfaces

What are the types of hard flooring coverings?

Concrete

Wood

Bamboo

Stone

Poured

Tile

what is concrete?

A mixture of portland cement, sand, lime, aggregate, and water. Aggregates: sand and gravel or

crushed stone.

What is concrete paste?

Water and portland cement.

horizontal slabs of steel-reinforced concrete are how thick?

typically between 4 and 10 inches thick and are

used to construct floor and ceiling assemblies.

Slabs are formed on site using what?

formwork into which the wet concrete is placed.

If steel is reinforced, then

rebar is placed within the formwork before concrete is formed.

Formwork is removed after what?

hardening.

Why are expansion joints are required in flat concrete surfaces?

to help control cracking.

Concrete reaches final maturity in approximately how long?

one month.

Concrete must cure completely before what?

secondary processes.

What does ASTM (American Society for Testing &

Materials) do?

develops standards and

testing methods to evaluate the

quality, safety, durability, and

performance of materials such as

concrete and flooring.

Dyes:

Can be added to the mix or spread onto the surface of wet concrete.

When dyes are mixed in, what happens?

the color will be consistent throughout.

Paints:

There are special paints formulated for concrete. Paint sits on the surface and is therefore vulnerable to weathering. Sealing the painted concrete will help provide some protection.

Acid Stains:

Coloration occurs by a chemical reaction, not applied pigment.

What is aggregate?

consists of small stones. naturally part of the concrete mixture and is normally embedded within the concrete.

Aggregate can be exposed in several different ways, with each method producing a distinct appearance. What are these methods?

using a retardant

using an acid etch

uses sandblasting

What is syndecrete?

A lightweight cement-based composite -

lighter and denser than concrete.

What do film-forming sealers do?

provide better stain resistance.

penetrating sealers don't do what?

generally, doesn't change the appearance.

What can paste wax do?

can add depth and a glossy finish.

food-grade sealer is used for what areas?

Used in areas where food is

prepared or consumed.

Cast in Place:

Sold by the cubic yard, Setting of forms usually calculated by the linear foot.

Pre-Cast:

Units vary from "each" (shower pans, for

instance) to "lots" of varying sizes and as square feet (for tiles).

A 1.5-inch-thick countertop can cantilever how much without additional support?

10 inches

A concrete countertop weighs how much?

approximately 18 pounds per square foot.

To keep up with its maintenance, concrete countertops should avoid _____

bleach, acids, and abrasive cleaners.

Concrete countertops should be resealed how often?

every three to five years.

Biproducts for sustainability and partial replacements to Portland cement are ______

fly ash, ground slag, and silica.

what is fly ash?

a fine powder collected from the exhaust gases of coal-fired power plants & mixed with lime & water.

what is ground slag?

a byproduct of iron production.

what is silica?

a byproduct of manufacturing silicon or ferrosilicon alloys

Concrete tiles that are naturally

dried in the sun can further reduce environmental impact because ________

their production does not require fossil fuels.

What are common woods used for flooring?

oak, walnut, pine, maple,

cherry, & teak.

When people mention wood floor, they typically mean _______

¾" thick solid wood that is 2 ¼" wide.

What is the process of developing wood for an interior?

1. Solid wood flooring is cut from the tree as a solid piece and processed into planks with tongue-and-groove edges.

2. Because wood reacts to the dryness of heated buildings, the planks can contract and create gaps between them.

3. So an expansion gap is left where the flooring meets the wall to allow for natural dimensional

changes.

4. These gaps are typically concealed with shoe molding, such as quarter round

Very hard, dense wood species do not absorb stain as easily or as evenly as _____

less dense wood.

If a very dark color is desired, then _________

the floor should be double stained.

The second coat should be applied while _______

the first is still wet. (First coat opens pores allowing more stain to soak in-wetting surface with water will produce same effect)

Wood flooring is generally classified into three grades. What are they?

Clear or First Grade

Select or Better-Quality, or Second Grade

#1 Common and #2 Common, or Third Grade

What is Select or Better-Quality, or Second Grade flooring?

has small knots and very little dark

graining

What are the plank types?

Beveled-edge planks

Eased-edge planks

Square-edge planks

What are Beveled-edge planks?

have angled edges that help hide uneven areas in the subfloor and differences in plank height.

Methods of installing wood:

Nail-down installation

Glue-down installation

Floating installation

Nail-down installation

Is one of the most common and economical ways to install wood flooring. The flooring planks are secured with nails to wood cleats or sleepers that are attached to the subfloor.

Glue-down installation

Uses mastic or other

adhesive that is spread over the subfloor

with a notched trowel, then the flooring

planks are then placed directly onto the

adhesive.

Floating installation

Uses a thin pad between

the wood flooring and the subfloor.

Resilient wood floors do what?

Provide an enhanced resilient spring by their

assembly. (used for dance studios, gymnasiums, and theaters.) They are also able to be moved (relocatable).

Distressed wood finish:

face is marked by a machine.

Parquet flooring:

is made from small pieces of

wood arranged in decorative geometric patterns.

Solid parquet:

is made from solid wood and can be sanded and refinished.

Veneered parquet:

has a thin layer of real wood over plywood and can be lightly sanded for repairs

Laminate parquet:

uses a printed wood pattern instead of real wood, can chip easily, and cannot be refinished

Engineered Hardwood Flooring:

Made from layers of wood. Can be installed

on conventional subfloor and concrete slabs. Can be used above grade and below grade. finishes are DURABLE and can be walked on as soon as they are installed.

The base of Engineered Hardwood Flooring can be what?

The base can be 3 to 5 Ply thick.

What is the Top Layer of wood?

Rotary-peeled veneers

How are Wood layers are stacked and why?

Wood layers are stacked in reversing grain directions, helping to counteract expansion

and contraction. More dimensionally stable than solid wood.

ROTARY CUT VENEERS ARE

made by placing the log on a lathe and peeling the

veneer as the log turns

PLAIN CUT VENEER:

the effect of this cut

creates a wild varied look. (also called flat

cutting) is made by slicing the log parallel to the

center of the log for a straight grained look with

cathedrals which are formed by the inner most

annual growth rings.

QUARTER CUT VENEER:

achieves a straight grain

appearance by slicing perpendicular to the

annual growth rings

RIFT CUT VENEER:

Mostly used in oak, the rift-

cut is used to produce a comb effect, most linear

& straight grain. The rift effect is obtained by

cutting at about a 15º from the quartered

position.

What are the most commonly sold hardwood veneer cuttings?

Rotary and Plain slicing are the most commonly sold hardwood veneer cuttings.

LAMINATE WOOD FLOORING can

can realistically imitate hardwood, stone, or tile

Melamine wear layer

has good durability and is resistant to most stains, spills, and burns.

CORE:

high-density fiberboard, particleboard, or plastic.

LAMINATE WOOD FLOORING can do what

can realistically imitate hardwood, stone, or tile

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).

well-managed forests that have been certified by outside inspectors accredited

Most wood floors today are manufactured using

North American hardwoods

darker colors of bamboo are produced through

carbonization, using high-pressure

steam.

Bamboo is actually _____

a grass, not a tree

Bamboo can reach heights of

more than ____ and mature in about _____

50 feet, 3-5 years

hardwood trees can take _____ to mature

30 years to hundreds of years

Bamboo flooring is made using adhesives that may contain ________

formaldehyde, a chemical that can off-gas, causing environmental and health concerns.

Bamboo will fade in sunlight. T/F.

T

MOHS scale of mineral hardness ratings refer to _______

material's ability to resist abrasion and scratching.

presence of minerals will affect a stone's overall coloration. T/F

T

Hard, dense materials can be polished to a _________

high reflectivity,

porous materials can never achieve a high shine from polishing therefore they must be top-dressed with a gloss finish T/F

T

SOAPSTONE:

Tough and durable stone

MARBLE:

sensitive to acid. NOT recommended for

kitchens unless client likes the patina look. Will soak up oil

Honed marble is more practical because _________

it hides scratches, but it can show stains more easily.

SERPENTINE:

Often referred to as green marble (different stone altogether).

TRAVERTINE:

often compared to marble. has natural holes and crevices that are often filled with resin to make it easier to maintain.

SLATE:

Face or surface is commonly called natural cleft.

ONYX:

Translucent varieties

ALABASTER:

Translucent stone.

Flamed Finish process

finish is created by the application of high heat.

Honed finish appearance

smooth surface has a low-luster, satin sheen.

Scarpaletto:

Similar to brush-hammered finish but instead of indented dots, the surface is marred with hundreds of tiny grooves

Fabricators use the slabs, which are roughly rectangular in shape. They will create a "template" on site prior to cutting the slab T/F

T

Granite is _____________

extremely durable and resistant to abrasion and chemicals, making it a good choice for high-traffic flooring

Stone is ordered and priced by ______________

the square foot.

Terrazzo is ____________

a composite material made of stone or glass pieces held

together with cement or resin

Terrazzo color depends on ________________

the aggregate and binder used.

Terrazzo is durable, non-porous,

and resistant to microbial growth, mold, and mildew. T/F

T

Terrazzo Cost increases with more expensive _________

brass divider strips, wider dividers,

complex designs with many colors or curves

TILE INSTALLATION steps:

preparing the substrate

setting the tile

grouting the tile

TILE INSTALLATION is a part of

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standards

LIPPAGE:

Is the difference in height between the edges of adjacent tiles

SUBSTRATE:

water-resistant green

board, cement board, and exterior-grade plywood.