BIOS256 Comprehensive Exam Review - Part 1

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and various human body systems based on the exam review notes.

Anatomy

The study of structure.

Physiology

The study of function.

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Thoracic cavity

A ventral cavity containing the pleural cavity (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart), and mediastinum.

Atomic Number

The number of Protons.

Mass Number

The number of Protons and Neutrons.

Ionic Bonds

Chemical bonds formed by the transfer of electrons.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds formed by sharing electrons; can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar (equal sharing).

Hydrogen Bonds

The attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules, such as in water surface tension or DNA.

Neutral PHP

A solution with a $PH = 7$.

Acids

Substances that donate Hydrogen Ions ($H^{+}$) and have a $PH < 7$.

Bases

Substances that accept Hydrogen Ions ($H^{+}$) and have a $PH > 7$.

Buffers

Substances that resist large changes in pH.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds (polymers) composed of monosaccharides (monomers).

Lipids

Organic compounds (polymers) such as triglycerides, which are composed of fatty acids and glycerol.

Proteins

Organic compounds (polymers) composed of amino acids (monomers).

Nucleic Acids

Organic compounds (polymers) composed of nucleotides (monomers).

Enzyme catalysts

Substances that lower activation energy by binding to reactants and holding them in orientations that facilitate the reaction.

Osmosis

The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water (lower concentration of solutes) to one of lower concentration of water.

Hypotonic solutions

Solutions in which a cell will swell and may lyse (burst).

Hypertonic solutions

Solutions in which a cell will shrink.

Stratum lucidum

A layer of the epidermis that is only present in thick skin.

Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale; includes pheomelanin (reddish-brown) and eumelanin (brown-black).

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells that secrete the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue.

Osteoclasts

Cells that release enzymes that digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resorption).

Synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity; most are freely mobile and structurally complex.

Excitability

The ability of muscle tissue to respond to stimuli.

Epimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

Sarcomere

The functional unit of muscle; contractions shorten it and relaxation lengthens it.

Isotonic Contraction

A contraction with the same tone but variable length (includes concentric and eccentric).

Isometric Contraction

A contraction with the same length but variable tone.

Node of Ranvier

The absence of myelin on an axon and the only place that ions can flow into the neuron.

Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells in the central nervous system that are functionally similar to Schwann cells in the PNS.

Depolarization

The phase of an action potential involving Voltage Gated Sodium Channels.

Repolarization

The phase of an action potential involving Voltage Gated Potassium Channels.

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

The cranial nerve that controls most eye movements and adjusts pupil size.

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

The largest cranial nerve; responsible for facial sensation and controlling muscles involved in chewing.

Vagus Nerve (X)

The cranial nerve responsible for controlling heart rate, regulating digestion, and influencing various organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A hormone produced by the heart atrium in response to elevated BP that acts on kidney nephrons to secrete $Na^{+}$ ($H_2O$) and decrease BP.

Insulin

A hormone released by Pancreas $\beta$-Cells that decreases blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

A hormone released by Pancreas $\alpha$-cells that increases blood glucose levels by breaking down stored glycogen.