Exam 3 - CRT, Crimes in progress, Interviews and Investigations, Police liability, Patrol and Observations

What is De-escalation

The use of non confrontational verbal skills and body language to facilitate the best possible outcome

Establishing what many help officers recognize an emotionally disturbed person which could allow officers to resolve a situation without use of force

A dialogue

What is the goal of De-escalation

To redirect behavior and generate voluntary compliance by using verbal techniques; Using EAR model

What should you do whether de-escalation works or not

Document it

What is the E.A.R. model

1. Engage (Dialogue)

2. Assess (Medical, drug, alcohol, traumatic event)

3. Resolve (Gaining voluntary compliance)

What are Secondary uses of De-escalation

To delay and distract someone

What is S.E.T and why is it important

1. Safety

2. Environment

3. Time

It is important for any de-escalation to be successful; All three things must occur

What does S.E.T. mean

1. Safety (De-escalation is a tactic to be used on non-violent individuals)

2. Environment (De-Escalation will only work in a environment that supports conversation)

3. Time (De-escalation is a process that takes time, building a rapport and engaging with people can’t be rushed, situation must allow enough time)

What are some De-escalation techniques

1. Stay calm and use a calming voice

2. Be aware of body language

3. Use active listening

4. Be non-judgmental (Focus on subject’s feelings)

5. Treat with dignity and respect

6. Use restatements to clarify what subject said

7. Utilize open ended questions

8. Allow the subject to talk

9. Do not use over used expressions (CALM DOWN, CHILL OUT)

What are some techniques for De-escalation: S. Assault

What are Positive CRT outcomes

-Decreased incarceration

-Reduced Injuries

-Bolsters advocacy

-Increased willingness to call us for help

What is NAMI

• National Alliance on Mental Illness

• Largest mental health and advocacy organization

• Family based

• Provide: education, support group

What is Stigma

• A distinguishing mark of social disgrace

• Caused by a lack of knowledge that leads to: Fear, Rejection, Avoidance, Discrimination

What is Cultural Competence

1. Cultural Awareness- Development of sensitivity and understanding

2. Cultural sensitivity- Understanding and knowledge of similarities and differences without assigning value to them

3. Cultural Knowledge- Familiarizing with characteristics, history, values, beliefs, and behaviors of cultural groups

What are some things that make us different

• Biology

• Ethnicity

• Family life

• Religion

• Geography

• Experience

What are some common barriers to treatment

• Stigma

• Language barrier

• Cultural explanations for problems

• Inability to culturally competent services

• cost

• Clinical biases

What are some steps to take cultural competence

• Avoid making judgments

• Respect others cultures/beliefs

• Know your limits in dealing with other peoples’ cultures

• Recognize your own biases

• Understand your personal style effects others

What is a Crisis

Upset in one’s normal state

What is the Ultimate goal for crisis intervention

to resolve the immediate crisis in a way that no one is harmed and the client gets the help or direction that they need; transition the person in crisis from a street critical incident to a stabilized, safe state and treatment

What kind of statements should I use towards a person in crisis

“I” statements

What are three aspects to remember when dealing with a crisis

Safety and security, Validation, Preparing for what’s next

What is empathy

Understanding what someone else is feeling because you experienced it

What is Sympathy

Acknowledging another person’s emotional hardships and providing comfort

What are some examples of different mental illness

1. Mood disorders- Depression, Bipolar Disorder (Manic Episodes & Depression

2. Anxiety Disorders- PTSD

3. Psychotic Disorders- Schizophrenia

4. Eating Disorders- Anorexia, Bulimia

What is Depression

1. Major Depressive disorder

• Depression is the number one disability

• A common medical illness characterized by persistent sadness, low mood, and a loss of interest in activities

What is Bipolar Disorder

• Combination of Depression and Manic Episodes

• A manic episode is an intense, sustained period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, energy, and activity.

• Typically last a week at a time

• Episodes of risky behavior

What is Schizophrenia

• Psychotic disorder

• Chronic mental health condition characterized by a combination of schizophrenia symptoms (like hallucinations or delusions) and severe mood disorder symptoms (like depression or bipolar mania)

• Usually managed through a personalized mix of antipsychotic medication, mood stabilizers, and psychotherapy

What are some common effects of schizophrenia

• Thoughts

• mood

• feelings

• behaviors

• the ability to relate to others

What are hallucinations

Sensory perceptions that occur without any external stimulus. They feel completely real and can affect any of the five senses

What are delusions

A fixed, false belief that is firmly held despite clear, contradictory evidence

What are the different types of delusions

• Persecutory- Belief in being tormented, followed, spied on, or conspired against

• Grandiose- Belief that one possesses exceptional greatness, power, or authority

• Erotomanic- Belief that another person, often someone famous or unattainable, is deeply in love wit them

• Somatic- Belief that something is physically wrong with their body or that they have a severe medical condition

What is a personality disorder

A person’s emotions or behaviors interfere with their daily life

What is Eccentric Personality disorder

The person has a continual pattern of abnormality in the way they think, the way they express themselves, and/or the way they relate to others. They can be very suspicious of others and events. They may have unusual speech or expressions. They may also isolate themselves

What are some types of eccentric personality disorder

• Paranoid Personality disorder

• Schizoid personality disorder

• Schizotypal personality disorder

What is Dramatic Personality disorder

• Consistent pattern of violating social norms

• Impulsive

• Excessive emotions

• Grandiosity

• Acting out

• Violating personal spaces

What is the treatment for personality disorders

Psychotherapy and medications for the symptoms

What are Eating disorders

• Anorexia nervosa- The restriction of nutrient intake relative to requirements, which leads to significantly low body weight

• Bulimia- A person eats large amounts of food and then rids the body of that food before it can be absorbed

What is Substance Use Disorders

• Commonly called Addiction

• Use continues even with negative consequences

• Disrupts daily function

• Brain disease

• Chronic disorder

What is the progression of Abuse to Addiction

The four stages of addiction

1. Experimentation

2. Used to alter mood

3. Preoccupation

4. Powerlessness

What is a developmental disability

• Disability manifested prior to the age of 18

• Major impairments to daily function

• lifelong

• mental and/or physical

• begins during birth, infancy, within the first four years of life

Major types of developmental disabilities

• Intellectual disabilities

• Autism

• Behavioral disorders

• fetal alcohol syndrome

• learning disabilities

• epilepsy

• cerebral palsy

What are Intellectual disabilities

• Have significantly lower intellectual and adaptive functioning

What is Autism

• Spectrum disorder/ neurodevelopmental disorder

• Appears during the first three years of life

• lifelong disability

• lack of social responsiveness and communication abilities

• compulsive behaviors

• resistant to change

• may not make contact

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• Physical and mental defects

• Developed in a fetus

• Exposed to high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

• Can cause malformed brain cells

• Sensitive to pressure, sounds, bright lights

What is Dementia

Gradual and continual decline in cognitive abilities that onsets in adulthood. May include problems with memory, physical skills, social skills, and ability to function with daily life skills

What is Alzheimer’s Disease

• Disease of the brain

• Destroys brain cells

• Form of Dementia

• Women over 65 are at most risk

What are some warning signs of Alzheimer’s Disease

1. Memory loss

2. Change/inability to plan or solve problems

What are some common behavior - wandering

• Aimless wandering

• Purposeful activity

• Unpredictable

• Often become lost

• Frequently end up in unsafe area

What is sundowning

Wandering in the afternoon; Believed to be caused by the inability to see well

What are some warning signs of alzheimer’s disease with drivers

• Erratic driving with slow or poor traffic decisions

• intoxicated like behaviors

• disoriented or lost behaviors

• inability to pull over safely

• May be defensive

What are Suicide Risk Factors

• Past attempts

• Family history of suicide

• Abuse

• Life Crisis

• Access to more lethal means

• Treatment barriers

What is Excited Delirium (Hyperactive Delirium with Agitation)

• No medical or psychiatric diagnosis

• Subjects behavior indicates the syndrome

• Manifest acute behavior problems (oppositional, defiant, angry, paranoid and aggression

• Attempts to calm will further aggression and violence

• Control techniques can be difficult to use

• Upped heart rate, increased strength, grunting, pale skin

What are some suggestions for handling excited delirium

• Getting backup

• Attempt to contain the subject

• Get control of the subject as soon as possible

How is Delirium characterized

Insidious disturbance in the level of consciousness and a change in mental status

What kind of restraint position should be used on someone with excited delirium

Placed in the supine position (left side preferred)

Should maximum restraint be used with someone with Excited Delirium

No, can lead to an in-custody death

What are Co-Occurring disorders

• Any combination of two or more disorders

What is order to apprehend

• Court ordered lay affidavit

• O.C.G.A.- it gives law enforcement authority to pick up pursuant to the court order

• The order to apprehend provides approval for evaluation only

What is a Lay affidavit

• two people testify in court

• Observed person within the last 48 hours

• Believed the person is suffering with mental illness

• Must describe behaviors/thing the person said leading them to believe the person has mental illness

• judge determines if enough probable cause to sign order to apprehend

How long is a Lay affidavit good for

7 days; must be picked up within those 7 days

What does an Order to apprehend do and not do

• Requires evaluation only

• Hospital has 48 hours to conduct evaluation

• Does not guarantee treatment

What is Officers Authorized to Pick Up

Under O.C.G.A 37-3-41, Law enforcement officers are statutorily authorized to pick up and transport a mentally ill person to an emergency receiving facility pursuant to a physician certificate , a court order, or by a requesting facility when the person left without permission during involuntary treatment

• Officer must confirm 10-13 order, not person left against medical advice

What is a Physician’s Certificate

• Known as a 1013

• Physician can execute

-Physician must have personally examined the person within 48 hours, and find that the person is mentally ill and requires involuntary treatment

• Allows for evaluation under OCGA 37-3-41(a)

What is Emergency Admission by Law Enforcement

• OCGA 37-3-42

• Must meet 2 criteria

-Person is committing or has committed a crime

-The officer has probable cause for believing that the person is a mentally ill person

-Consulted with physician/receiving facility

• Officer does not have to formally charge

• Officer must submit a written report

• Officer must complete a 1013

• Psychologist is equal to medical physician

What level of restrictive means should be used to transport a 1013

Least restrictive possible

What is Voluntary Consent Transport

• “Consent” in these situations is held to the same standard as a consent in other areas of police work

• Consent must be free and voluntary

• Consent is not free and voluntary after a threat of arrest is made

What is the Good Faith Protection

Law enforcement is cleared from being charged with False Imprisonment when they conduct a procedurally valid process/investigation and act in good faith

What is General Adaptation Syndrome

1. Stage A: Alarm system

2. Stage B: Resistance

3. Stage C: Exhaustion

What is Stage A: Alarm Reaction

• The alarm reaction stage refers to the initinal symptoms the body experiences when under stress; “Fight or Flight”

What is Stage B: Resistance

• After the intinal shock of a stressful event, the body repair itself

• Body may still remain on high alert for a while, but still repairs

What is Stage C: Exhaustion

• The result of prolonged or chronic stress

• Can drain you physically, mentally, or emotionally

What are some Natural Responses to stress

• Cortisone

• Thyroid

• Sex hormones

• Digestive tract

• Sugar and insulin

• Racing heartbeat

• Skin

• Senses

What are the different types of Legal Liability

• Criminal Liability

• Civil Liability

• Administrative Liability

What is Criminal Liability

• The liability that arises out of breaking a law or committing a criminal act

What is Civil Liability

• Liability imposed under the civil as opposed to the criminal law

• Can result in monetary awards for nominal, or punitive damages or injunctions

What is Administrative Liability

Police agencies are governed and bound by their administrative rules and procedures

What codes fall under criminal liability

State- OCGA 16-5 (Crimes against a person)

Federal- Title 18 USC 241 and 242

What code falls under Civil Liability

Under Federal law - Title 42 USC

What is Vicarious Liability

A supervisor is responsible for the acts of his subordinates

What are the articles of OCGA Title 16-5

• Article 1 - Homicide

• Article 2 - Assault and battery

• Article 3 - Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and related offenses

What does 16-1-3 cover

Affirmative defense; Unless the state’s evidence raises the issue invoking the alleged defense, the defendant must present evidence thereon to raise the issue

What are defenses to state prosecution

• Conduct is justified under 16-3-21

• Person conduct is reasonable fulfillment of his duties

• Person conduct is in reasonable discipline of a minor by his parents

• Person conduct is reasonable and in performance in the course of making a lawful arrest

• Person conduct is justified for any reason under the laws of the state

What is Conspiracy against rights (Title 18 USC 241

If two or more people conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the exercise of the same shall be guilty of a felony

What is 18 USC 242

Whoever, under the color of any law, willfully subjects any person in any state, territory, commonwealth, possession, or district to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the constitution or laws of the united states by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed for the punishment of citizens

What are some federal felonies

• 18 USC 1001- Making false statements

• 18 USC 1512 - Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant

• 18 USC 1519 - Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in federal investigations

• 18 USC 1621 - Perjury

What is Tort

• A civil wrong for which a remedy may be obtained usually in the form of damages

What is State Tort

OCGA 51-1-1; An unlawful violation of a private legal right other a mere breach of contract, expressed or implied

What are the Categories of State Torts

• Intentional Torts - When there is an intention on the part of a peace officer to bring some physical or mental harm to another person

• Negligent Torts - When an officer performs a reasonable act within his/her scope of duty but without due care

What are the Eight areas in Georgia Law that cover intentional torts

1. Abuse of process/ Malicious prosecution

2. Assault and battery

3. Defamation

4. Excessive force

5. False arrest/imprisonment

6. Intentional infliction of emotional distress

7. Invasion of privacy

8. Wrongful death

What is Cause of Action for Physical Injury (OCGA 51-1-13)

A physical injury done to another shall give a right of action to the injured party; Whatever may be the intention of the person causing the injury, unless he is justified under some rule of law

What is Violent Injury or Attempt to Commit Injury (OCGA 51-1-14)

Any violent injury or illegal attempt to commit a physical injury upon a person is a tort for which damages may be recovered

What is Ordinary diligence

Degree of care which is exercised by ordinarily prudent persons under the same or similar circumstances

What is the absence of Ordinary diligence

Ordinary Negligence

What is Extraordinary Diligence

Extreme care and caution that very prudent and thoughtful persons exercise under the same or similar circumstances

What is the term for the absence of Extraordinary Diligence

Slight negligence

What is Slight diligence

Degree of care which every man of common sense, however inattentive he may be, exercises under the same or similar circumstances

What is the Good Faith Defense

A state of mind consisting in:

• Honesty in belief or purpose

• Faithfulness to one’s duty or obligation

• Observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in a given trade

• Absence of malice

What is 42 USC 1983

• Also known as the “Ku Klux Klan Act”

• Part of the civil rights act of 1871

• Provide civil remedy against the abuses that were being committing in the southern states, especially by the Ku Klux Klan

What is Federal Civil Liability (42 USC 1983)

It is wrong to violate a persons civil rights

What is Rights Protected

The other element of 1983 liablilty is the requirements that the acts must violate a federal constitutional right or statute