Revolució Francesa, Napoleó i Revolució Industrial

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Era, and the Industrial Revolution based on lecture review notes.

Causes de la Revolució Francesa

A combination of food shortages, the bourgeoisie's desire for economic and political power, the monarchy's inability to resolve crises, and excessive state expenditures such as the Seven Years' War (1756) and the American Revolutionary War.

Monarquia constitucional (1789–1792)

The first phase of the French Revolution, highlighted by the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 (14.7.1789), the abolition of feudalism, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a new constitution, and the royal Flight to Varennes.

Convenció republicana (1792–1795)

The republican phase of the French Revolution characterized by the execution of the king, political conflict between Girondins and Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.

Època del terror

The radical stage of the Republican Convention directed by Robespierre that systematically suppressed political opposition.

El Directori (1795–1799)

The moderate stage of the French Revolution led by a Girondin government and governed by a new constitution, which ended with Napoleon's coup d'état.

Consolat (1799)

The government established in France in 1799 following Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état (cop d'estat).

Josep Bonaparte (1808–1813)

Napoleon's brother placed on the Spanish throne during the French occupation of Spain, whose rule divided Spaniards into afrancesats and patriotes.

Afrancesats

Spaniards who supported the French administration and the rule of Josep Bonaparte in Spain between 1808 and 1813.

Terra cremada

The scorched-earth defensive strategy utilized by Russia in 1812 that led to Napoleon's military defeat.

Guerra de guerrilles

The irregular, partisan warfare waged by Spanish patriots that wore down and contributed to the defeat of Napoleonic forces in Spain.

Waterloo (1815)

The final battle in 1815 resulting in the decisive defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, leading to his exile and confinement on the island of Santa Elena until his death in 1821.

Revolució demogràfica

A major catalyst of the Industrial Revolution caused by reduced mortality (due to improved hygiene and nutrition) alongside high birth rates, resulting in higher life expectancy and population growth.

Sistema Norfolk

An agricultural innovation featuring a four-year crop rotation (rotació quadriennal) that eliminated fallow land and dramatically increased farm production.

Màquina de vapor (1769)

The steam engine developed by James Watt in 1769, powered by coal, which replaced human labor with machine power and drove industrialization.

Indústria tèxtil

The pioneering industrial manufacturing sector focused on cotton imported from colonies and the United States, utilizing mechanized spinning and weaving machines.

George Stephenson

The British engineer who developed the steam locomotive, leading to the creation of the Liverpool-Manchester line as the first passenger railway.

Robert Fulton

The American inventor who developed the steam-powered boat (vaixell de vapor), transforming maritime and fluvial transportation.

Societat de classes

The social structure arising from the Industrial Revolution divided between the bourgeoisie (owners of factories and capital) and the proletariat (factory wage laborers facing harsh working conditions).