BIO152 Midterm Test

Hydrolysis

Greek “Hydro” Meaning water and “Lysis” meaning to break up / separate

~philic

Greek derivative for friendship

~phobic

Greek derivative for fear

Isomer

Greek Isos meaning equal and Greek meros meaning part/share

Valence Electrons

Electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom

Ionic Bond

Formed between a metal and a non-metal

Covalent Bond

Formed between two non-metals

Hydrogen Bond

Formed as a result of dipole-dipole attraction that when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a very small highly electronegative atom.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Electrons are shared equally between two atoms

Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal sharing of electrons, the shared electrons spend more time near the atom with the stronger pull

Electronegativity

An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Van der Waals Interactions

Attractions between molecules that have asymmetrically distributed electrons.

Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon compounds

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Structural Isomers: have different covalent arrangements

Cis-trans Isomers: have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Enantiomers: mirror images of eachother

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell

Living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules:

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Dehydration Reaction

Two monomers bonding together through the loss of a water molecule

Hydrolysis Reaction

A polymer being broken apart with a water molecule

Disaccharide

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides, also called a Glycosidic Linkage

Polysaccharide

Polymers of sugar that have storage and structural roles

Starch

A storage Polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of Glucose monomers, stored as granules within the chloroplast.

Glycogen

A storage Polysaccharide in animals, primarily found in liver and muscle. Hydrolysis of ____ releases Glucose when the demand for energy increases.

Cellulose

A major component of plant cell walls. A polymer of glucose, but its glycosidic linkages differ from those of starch.

Chitin

A structural Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons. Provides structural support for fungal cell walls.

Lipids

• Little or no affinity for water

• Hydrophobic, because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which are non-polar

• Major function: energy storage

Phospholipids

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol.

Steroids

Lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Protein functions

• speeding up (catalyzing) chemical reactions

• structural support

• storage

• transport

• cellular communications

• movement

• defense against foreign substances

Amino Acid

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Glycine (Gly or G)

Alanine (Ala or A)

Valine (Val or V)

Leucine (Leu or L)

Isoleucine (Ile or I)

Methionine (Met or M)

Phenylalanine (Phe or F)

Tryptophan (Trp or W)

Proline (Pro or P)

Serine (Ser or S)

Threonine (Thr or T)

Cysteine (Cys or C)

Tyrosine (Tyr or Y)

Asparagine (Asn or N)

Glutamine (Gln or Q)

Aspartic Acid (Asp or D)

Glutamic Acid (Glu or E)

Lysine (Lys or K)

Arginine (Arg or R)

Histidine (His or H)