Developmental Delays, Disorders, and Disabilities

Developmental Delay

Slower-than-expected attainment of milestones (performing ~25%–30% below age norms), but progress follows the anticipated sequence.

Developmental Disorder

Conditions with gaps or "scatter" in milestone attainment; progress occurs in a non-sequential pattern, and a milestone may never be reached (may include delays too)

Developmental Disability

A lifelong physical and/or mental impairment manifesting before age 22 that significantly affects daily functioning (e.g., independent living, learning, language, self-care)

What are the potential general causes of developmental delays/disorders?

• Organic (tissues/organs), psychological, environmental, and physical factors

Why is early intervention better for child outcomes?

Identifying and intervening early capitalizes on rapid neurodevelopment and helps mitigate long-term impacts, leading to better functional outcomes for the individual.

How do parental appraisals affect the impact of a disability and family adjustment?

• Positive appraisals (seeing positive meaning in caregiving) act as a stress-resistance resource, helping parents sustain long-term efforts and well-being.

• Negative appraisals predict higher parental stress and lower long-term family well-being.