bones fv

Combining forms meaning bone

ost/o, oss/i, oste/o, oss/e

Combining form meaning spinal cord or bone marrow

myel/o

Combining form meaning cartilage

chondr/o

Combining form meaning joint

arthr/o

Combining form meaning ligament

ligament/o

Combining forms meaning synovial membrane or fluid

synovi/o, synov/o

Combining form meaning bursa

burs/o

Combining form meaning crooked, bent, or stiff

ankyl/o

Combining form meaning rib

cost/o

Combining form meaning skull

crani/o

Suffix meaning to bind or tie together

-desis

Combining form meaning bent or hump

kyph/o

Combining form meaning curve, swayback, or bent

lord/o

Suffix meaning loosening or setting free

-lysis

Combining form meaning vertebrae, vertebral column, or backbone

spondyl/o

Primary functions of bones

Act as a body framework, protect internal organs, and store calcium.

Primary function of red bone marrow

Helps form red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.

Primary function of yellow bone marrow

Serves as a site for fat storage in the medullary cavity.

Function of cartilage within joints

Provides a smooth surface for joint movement and protects bone ends.

Function of ligaments

Fibrous bands that connect one bone to another bone or to cartilage.

Function of synovial fluid

Acts as a lubricant that enables smooth movement within synovial joints.

Function of a bursa

Cushions areas subject to friction during movement.

Ossification

The process by which a newborn skeleton gradually converts into bone.

Osteoclasts vs. Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts break down old bone; osteoblasts rebuild new bone tissue.

Periosteum

Tough fibrous tissue forming the outermost covering of bone.

Compact bone

Dense, hard, strong bone forming the protective outer layer (cortical bone).

Spongy bone

Porous bone tissue that is lighter and weaker than compact bone (cancellous bone).

Medullary cavity

Central cavity in the shaft of a long bone storing red and yellow marrow.

Endosteum

Tissue lining the medullary cavity inside a bone.

Hemopoietic tissue

Red bone marrow tissue responsible for manufacturing blood cells.

Cartilage

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.

Articular Cartilage

Cartilage covering bone surfaces where bones articulate to allow smooth movement and prevent friction.

Meniscus

Curved fibrous cartilage found in specific joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphyses

The wider ends of long bones, each covered by articular cartilage.

Proximal Epiphysis

The end of a long bone located nearest to the body's midline.

Distal Epiphysis

The end of a long bone located farthest from the body's midline.

Foramen

An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass.

Foramen Magnum

The opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Process

A normal projection on a bone surface commonly serving as an attachment for muscles or tendons.

Mastoid Process

A bony projection located on the temporal bone behind each ear.

Joint (Articulation)

The place where two or more bones unite.

Fibrous Joints

Joints made of inflexible connective tissue holding bones tightly together; also known as sutures in adults.

Fontanelles

Flexible soft spots on a newborn's skull allowing brain growth and passage through the birth canal.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints allowing only slight movement where bones are connected entirely by cartilage.

Pubic Symphysis

A cartilaginous joint between pubic bones that allows slight movement during childbirth.

Synovial Joint

A joint formed where two bones articulate to permit free movement in many directions.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A synovial joint permitting movement in many directions, such as the hips and shoulders.

Hinge Joint

A synovial joint permitting movement primarily in a single direction, such as the knees and elbows.

Synovial Capsule

The outermost strong fibrous sleeve surrounding a synovial joint.

Synovial Membrane

The lining of the synovial capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial Fluid

A lubricant secreted by the synovial membrane enabling smooth joint movement.

Ligament

A fibrous band of tissue connecting one bone to another or bone to cartilage.

Bursa

A fibrous sac filled with fluid that cushions areas subject to friction during joint movement.

Common Sites for Bursae

Major joints including the shoulder, elbow, and knee.

Adult Skeleton Bone Count

Approximately 206 bones in a typical adult human body.

Axial Skeleton

The 80 bones protecting major nervous, respiratory, and circulatory organs, including the skull and spine.

Appendicular Skeleton

The 126 bones making body movement possible, including upper and lower extremities and girdles.

Hyoid Bone

A bone located in the throat between the chin and thyroid, belonging to the axial skeleton.

Appendage

Any structure or limb attached to a major part of the body.

How many bones make up the human cranium?

8 bones.

How many bones form the face?

14 bones.

Which cranial bone contacts all other cranial bones?

Sphenoid bone.

Which bone forms the forehead and houses the frontal sinuses?

Frontal bone.

What is the function of the parietal bones?

They form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.

Which cranial bone forms the back and base of the skull?

Occipital bone.

Which bone houses the external auditory meatus?

Temporal bone.

Which light, spongy bone separates the nasal cavity from the brain?

Ethmoid bone.

What is the skull orbit?

The bony socket surrounding and protecting each eyeball.

What are the three auditory ossicles in each middle ear?

Malleus, incus, and stapes.

Which bones are commonly called the cheekbones?

Zygomatic bones.

Which bones form most of the upper jaw?

Maxillary bones (maxillae).

What is the only movable bone of the skull?

Mandible (jawbone).

What joint connects the lower jaw to the skull?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Which bone forms the base of the nasal septum?

Vomer.

What purpose do air-filled facial sinuses serve?

They lighten the weight of the skull.

What bones form the anterior hard palate and floor of the nose?

Palatine bones.

What scroll-like bones form part of the interior nose?

Inferior nasal conchae.

What structures form the thoracic cavity?

Ribs, sternum, and upper spinal column.

How many total pairs of ribs are in the rib cage?

12 pairs.

Which ribs are classified as true ribs?

First 7 pairs, attaching directly to the sternum anteriorly.

Which ribs are classified as false ribs?

Pairs 8 through 10, attaching to cartilage that connects to the sternum.

Why are ribs 11 and 12 called floating ribs?

They attach only posteriorly to vertebrae and lack anterior attachment.

What are the three regions of the sternum?

Manubrium, body (gladiolus), and xiphoid process.

What is the cartilaginous lower portion of the sternum?

Xiphoid process.

Which bones compose the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?

Clavicles and scapulae.

What slender bone connects the manubrium to the scapula?

Clavicle (collarbone).

What bone is commonly known as the shoulder blade?

Scapula.

What is the acromion?

A extension of the scapula forming the high point of the shoulder.

What is the bone of the upper arm?

Humerus.

Chiropractor

Specialist treating disorders from spinal misalignment through manual joint adjustment.

Orthopedic surgeon

Physician specializing in diseases and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles.

Osteopath

Specialist holding a DO degree practicing traditional treatment plus spinal manipulation.

Podiatrist

Specialist treating disorders of the foot.

Rheumatologist

Physician specializing in arthritis and inflammatory joint and connective-tissue disorders.

Ankylosis

Loss or absence of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery.

Adhesive capsulitis

Painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions in the synovial capsule.

Arthrosclerosis

Stiffness of the joints, especially in elderly people.

Baker's cyst

Fluid-filled sac behind the knee caused by excess synovial fluid.

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa.