Research TERM 2

Analysis and presentation of literature and published studies directly connected to the research topic

Review of Related Literature

Broader category that includes general information, conceptual frameworks, and non-empirical explanations about a topic

Related Literature

Empirical investigations, experiments, data collection, and previous research studies conducted about the topic

Related Studies

In-text citation style focusing on the information presented by placing the author and year in parentheses at the end of the text (e.g., Walker, 2017)

Parenthetical Citation

In-text citation style focusing on the author by embedding the author's name directly into the narrative sentence (e.g., Smith and Lee (2020) found that…)

Narrative Citation

No Date: You used a study written by Maria Santos, but no publication date is provided.

• Parenthetical: (Santos, n.d.)

• Narrative: Santos (n.d.)

No Author: You cited an article titled The Importance of Sleep, published in 2022, with no author listed.

• Parenthetical: (“The Importance of Sleep,” 2022)

• Narrative: “The Importance of Sleep” (2022)

Two Authors: You used a study by John Cruz and Ana Reyes, published in 2021.

• Parenthetical: (Cruz & Reyes, 2021)

• Narrative: Cruz and Reyes (2021)

Three or More Authors: You cited a study written by Mark Lee, Sarah Kim, and David Tan in 2023.

• Parenthetical: (Lee et al., 2023)

• Narrative: Lee et al. (2023)

Organization as Author: You cited a report by the World Health Organization, published in 2020.

• Parenthetical: (World Health Organization, 2020)

• Narrative: World Health Organization (2020)

One Author: You used a study by Peter Walker, published in 2017.

• Parenthetical: (Walker, 2017)

• Narrative: Walker (2017)

Direct Quotation: You directly quoted Maria Santos's 2022 study from page 15.

• Parenthetical: (Santos, 2022, p. 15)

• Narrative: Santos (2022, p. 15)

Same Author, Same Year: You cited two different studies written by Ana Reyes, both published in 2024.

• Parenthetical: (Reyes, 2024a) and (Reyes, 2024b)

• Narrative: Reyes (2024a) and Reyes (2024b)

Source Title: You used an article titled Effects of Social Media on Students, published in 2023, with no author.

• Parenthetical: (“Effects of Social Media on Students,” 2023)

• Narrative: “Effects of Social Media on Students” (2023)

Multiple Authors, Different Years: You cited a study by John Cruz and Ana Reyes (2020) and another study by Mark Lee and Sarah Kim (2022). Cite both in one parenthetical citation.

• Parenthetical: (Cruz & Reyes, 2020; Lee & Kim, 2022)

• Narrative: Cruz and Reyes (2020) and Lee and Kim (2022)

Personal Communication: Your teacher, Maria Santos, explained a concept to you in a private conversation on September 5, 2026.

• Parenthetical: (M. Santos, personal communication, September 5, 2026)

• Narrative: M. Santos (personal communication, September 5, 2026)

Three or More Authors: A study by Ana Reyes, Mark Lee, Sarah Kim, and David Tan was published in 2024. Create its first in-text citation.

• Parenthetical: (Reyes et al., 2024)

• Narrative: Reyes et al. (2024)

Organization Abbreviation: The World Health Organization (WHO) published a report in 2023. Create the first parenthetical citation and a subsequent parenthetical citation.

• First parenthetical citation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023)

• Subsequent parenthetical citation: (WHO, 2023)

Multiple Sources, Different Authors: You used studies by Santos (2020), Cruz (2019), and Reyes (2022). Cite all three in one parenthetical citation.

• Parenthetical: (Cruz, 2019; Reyes, 2022; Santos, 2020)

• Narrative: Cruz (2019), Reyes (2022), and Santos (2020)