Chapter 4 Anatomy

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Body surfaces, organ linings, cavities, and glands.

What are three functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, and secretion.

What type of tissue forms glands?

Epithelial tissue.

What is an exocrine gland?

A gland that releases substances through a duct.

What are examples of exocrine glands?

Sweat and salivary glands.

What is an endocrine gland?

A gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream.

Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?

The respiratory tract, especially the trachea.

What does pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium do?

Its cilia move mucus and trapped particles.

What are examples of connective tissue?

Bone, blood, cartilage, fat, tendons, and ligaments.

What is an example of loose connective tissue?

Areolar tissue.

What does areolar tissue do?

Wraps and cushions organs and connects tissues.

What is a tendon?

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

What is a ligament?

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Attached to bones.

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary.

Is skeletal muscle striated?

Yes.

What are the traits of skeletal muscle?

Voluntary, striated, long fibers, and many nuclei.

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Only in the heart.

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Involuntary.

Is cardiac muscle striated?

Yes.

What are the traits of cardiac muscle?

Involuntary, striated, branched, and connected by intercalated discs.

Where is smooth muscle found?

In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels.

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Involuntary.

Is smooth muscle striated?

No.

What are the traits of smooth muscle?

Involuntary, nonstriated, and spindle-shaped.

What are actin and myosin?

Proteins that allow muscles to contract.

In what tissue are actin and myosin found?

Muscle tissue.

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

The nose, trachea, and ends of bones.

What does hyaline cartilage do?

Provides support and cushioning.

Where is elastic cartilage found?

The outer ear and epiglottis.

What does elastic cartilage do?

Provides flexible support.

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Spinal discs, knees, and the pubic symphysis.

What does fibrocartilage do?

Absorbs pressure and shock.

What are the two main parts of bone tissue?

Living cells and a hard extracellular matrix.

What is the bone matrix made of?

Collagen fibers and calcium salts.

What are central canals?

Passageways in compact bone.

What is found inside central canals?

Blood vessels and nerves.

What are lacunae?

Small spaces that hold bone or cartilage cells.

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell that sends electrical messages.

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axon.

What does the cell body do?

Contains the nucleus and controls the neuron.

What do dendrites do?

Receive messages.

What does the axon do?

Carries messages away from the cell body.

What are nerves mainly made of?

Bundles of axons.

What are the four main body membranes?

Cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial membranes.

What is the cutaneous membrane?

The skin.

What is a mucous membrane?

A membrane lining passages that open outside the body.

What is a serous membrane?

A membrane lining closed cavities and covering organs.

What is a synovial membrane?

A membrane lining movable joints.

Which membrane is involved in arthritis?

The synovial membrane.

What is the peritoneum?

A serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs.

What is a gap junction?

A channel that allows signals to pass directly between neighboring cells.

Where are gap junctions especially important?

Cardiac muscle.

Why are gap junctions important in cardiac muscle?

They help heart cells contract together.

What are the four main tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.