biol 422 test 3

test species

a species discovered through culturing

autotroph

fixes inorganic carbon (ex.CO2) into organic carbon molecules

heterotroph

uses outside sources of organic carbon

lithotroph

uses inorganic molecules as electron acceptors

organotroph

uses organic molecules as electron acceptors

phototroph

uses light to get energy/ATP

chemotroph

oxidizes molecules to get energy/ATP

proteobacteria species have ___ of metabolisms

a diverse array

main bacteria classes

gammaproteobacteria, alphaproteobacteria, firmicutes and actinobacteria

proteobacteria can have ____ shapes

many different

proteobacteria can live in ___ environments

many

proteobacteria make up ___ of all known bacteria species

1/3

which metabolisms do proteobacteria not have

making/eating methane without oxygen, oxidizing ammonia, oxygenic photosynthesis

does proteobacteria have a lot of horizontal gene transfer

yes

why do proteobacteria have such a wide array of metabolisms

because they have a lot of horizontal gene transfer

what is the largest class of proteobacteria

gammaproteobacteria

enterobacteriales are from what class

gammaproteobacteria

are enterobacteriales gram positive or gram negative

gram negative

are enterbacteriales aerobes or anaerobes

faculative aerobes

enterobacteriales are ___ shaped

rod

do enterobacteriales make spores

no

are enterobacteriales species easily able to be distinguised in a lab setting

no

enterobacteriales bacteria have a lot of ___ relevance

medical

mixed-acid fermentation makes which acids

acetic, lactic, and succinic

Methyl red test

tests if the bacteria makes acidic byproducts of fermentation, acidic byproducts turn solution red

does butanediol fermentation make acidic byproducts

no

when does mixed acid fermentation make acidic byproducts

when the proton is exported seperately

Voges-Proskuer test

solution turns red if bacteria makes butanediol as a byproduct

alphaproteobacteria are mostly ____

obligate and facultative aerobes

alphaproteobacteria thrive in ____ conditions

oligotrophic

oligotrophic conditions

have low nutrients/specialized nutrients

wolbachia is a type of ____

alphaproteobacteria

wolbachia is transmitted ___

vertically (through parent/offspring)

2 wolbachia genes

cifA and cifB

cifB

makes toxic sperm in male insects

cifA

makes the antidote to the toxin, allows only infected females to successfully breed with infected males

firmicutes are important to ____ microbiomes

gut

firmicutes do a lot of ___

fermentation

firmicutes commonly form ___

spores

spores characteristics

have low metabolism, allows the bacteria to survive until it gets to a better environment

do tenericutes have a cell wall

no

actinobacteria commonly live in ___ microbiomes

soil

a lot of antibiotics belong to the ___ order

actinobacteria

actinobacteria are gram-___

positive

firmicutes are gram-____

positive

tenericutes are gram-____

Negative

lactobacteria are commonly used for ___

food preduction/preservation

can lactobacteria do oxidative phoshorylation

no

lactobacteria are ___

aerotolerant anaerobes

oxidase test

turns purple if the bacteria has an electron transport chain that can use oxygen as the final electron acceptor (doesn’t have to)

catalase test

solution bubbles if the bacteria is capable of using oxygen for respiration

2 strepococcus subgroups

pyogenes and viridians

pyogenes cause __

strep throat

viridians cause ___

cavities

which subgroup of stepococcus breaks down blood

pyogenes

mollicutes are a type of ___

tenericutes

do mollicutes have a cell wall

no

are mollicutes large

no

mollicutes are gram-___

negative

secondary fermentation

when one kind of microbes uses a final fermentation byproduct of another kind of microbe and does a second round of fermentation with it

oxygen makes ___, which is toxic

ROS

sodium thioglycolate

consumes oxygen in broth

instead of a cell wall, mollicutes have ___ in their phospholipid membranes

sterols

do mollicutes make sterols

no

can mollicutes be killed by antibiotics that target peptidoglycan

no

what do actinobacteria use antibiotcs for

to compete with other bacteria in the environment

bacteriodetes are common in ___ microbiomes

gut

what do bacteriodetes do

break down fibers

bacteriodetes are gram-___

negative

what shape are bacteriodetes

rods

do bacteriodetes make spores

yes

main bacteria categories in the gut

firmicutes and bacteriodetes

bacillota (a firmucte in the gut) is really good at digesting ____

sugars

bacteroidota (a bacteriodetes in the gut) is really good at digesting ___

fiber

why are archea hard to study

they are hard to culture in a lab

are archea common in soil

yes

methanogenic eurarchaeota do ___

anaerobic respiration

methanogenic eurarchaeota make _____ in ____

methane in our guts

aerobic respiration equation

glucose and oxygen becomes CO2 and water

Good electron donors have ___ reduction potential

low

electron donors get ____

oxidized

good electron acceptors have ___ reduction potential

high

electron acceptors get ___

reduced

glucose is a good electron ___

donor

oxygen is a good electron ____

acceptor

does fermentation require external electron acceptors

no

photosynthesis is a type of ____

carbon fixation

carbon fixation

turning inorganic carbon (ex.CO2) into organic carbon

what makes carbon organic

C-H bonds

what is the light independent reaction of photosynthesis

CO2 fixation (using ATP and NADH)

chlorophylls

light sensitive pigments in plants/algae/cyanobacteria

bacteriochlorophylls

light sensitive pigments in anoxygenic phototroph bacteria

chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls have different ___

absorption peaks

___ is essential to chlorophyll

magnesium

oxygenic phototrophs ___ O2

make

thylakoids

photosynthetic membranes where chlorophylls live in eukaryotic phototrophs

lamellar membranes

photosynthetic membranes that hold chlorophylls in cyanobacteria

photosystems

groups of proteins that do different parts of photosynthesis

photosystems are in ___

photosynthetic membranes

light dependent reaction steps

photosynthetic membrane proteins absorb light, pass energy directly to other proteins, energy gets to reaction center protein which loses electrons when excited, electron goes into the electron transport chain