Intellectual and Social Development Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering topics on intelligence theories, brain structures and lobes, study habits, learning styles, communication elements, and leadership types based on lecture notes.

Spearman's Definition of Intelligence

Proposed by Spearman (1927), intelligence is the single factor that enables problem solving and doing well in cognition.

Cattell's Definition of Intelligence

Described by Raymond Cattell (1963) as crystallized and fluid intelligence, encompassing knowledge and skills measured by tests and vocabulary.

Sternberg's Definition of Intelligence

Defined by Sternberg (2004) as the global capacity to act purposely, to think rationally, and deal effectively with the immediate environment.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Proposed by Howard Gardner, asserting that an individual possesses eight distinct types of multiple intelligences.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

The intelligence involving understanding yourself, what you feel, and what you want (self-awareness).

Spatial Intelligence

The intelligence involving visualizing the world in 3D and being skilled with 3D objects.

Naturalist Intelligence

The intelligence involving understanding living things and reading nature, the environment, and plants.

Musical Intelligence

The intelligence involving discerning sounds, their pitch, tone, rhythm, and timbre.

Linguistic Intelligence

The intelligence involving finding the right words to express what you mean and expressing through words.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

The intelligence involving quantifying things, making hypotheses, proving them, and problem solving.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

The intelligence involving coordinating your mind with your body and physical movement.

Interpersonal Intelligence

The intelligence involving sensing people's feelings and motives, and being good at socializing.

Existential Intelligence

The intelligence involving tackling the questions of why we live and why we die.

Human Brain

The central organ of the nervous system, responsible for controlling and coordinating all activities in the body, from basic survival functions to complex thinking.

Three Sections of the Human Brain

The main anatomical divisions of the brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain.

Forebrain

The largest part of the brain involved in higher functions like thinking, memory, emotion, and decision-making; contains the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

Cerebrum

Part of the forebrain responsible for conscious thought, sensory processing, and voluntary movements.

Thalamus

Part of the forebrain that relays sensory and motor signals to the appropriate areas of the brain.

Hypothalamus

Part of the forebrain that controls basic functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature.

Midbrain

Located between the forebrain and hindbrain, playing a role in vision, hearing, motor control, and the regulation of alertness and arousal.

Tectum

Part of the midbrain involved in visual and auditory reflexes.

Tegmentum

Part of the midbrain that helps with movement and arousal, regulating consciousness and sleep cycles.

Hindbrain

Controls basic life-sustaining functions like breathing and heartbeat, and coordinates movement and balance; consists of cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Cerebellum

Part of the hindbrain controlling balance, coordination, and fine motor skills.

Pons

Part of the hindbrain relaying signals between different parts of the brain, involved in sleep and breathing.

Medulla Oblongata

Part of the hindbrain regulating heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions.

Lobes of the Brain

The major functional regions of the brain surface: Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, and Occipital lobe.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for reasoning, planning, emotions, and problem-solving, as well as controlling movement.

Parietal Lobe

Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and spatial awareness.

Temporal Lobe

Involved in hearing, memory, and understanding language.

Occipital Lobe

Processes visual information, helping you see and interpret what is around you.

Left Brain Dominance

Associated with right-handed individuals; focused on analysis, logic, ideas, facts, math, and training.

Right Brain Dominance

Associated with left-handed individuals; focused on creativity, intuition, arts, creation, feeling, and imagination.

Visual Learners

Individuals who learn best by seeing what they are learning.

Auditory Learners

Individuals who learn best through hearing.

Tactile / Kinesthetic Learners

Individuals who learn best when there is movement while learning.

Social Health

Stated by Merki (2002) as directly connoting relatedness with other people.

Interpersonal Skills

Skills showing that individuals can accept unique individuals, get along with family, mingle effortlessly, work in teams, remain gender sensitive, and act proactively.

Sender

The origin where the message came from in the communication process.

Channel / Medium

The medium through which the message is transmitted in the communication process.

Message

The information being transmitted in the communication process.

Receiver

The destination where the message ends up in the communication process.

Feedback

The response or return signal provided by the receiver back to the sender.

Encoding

The process of converting thoughts into a transmittable message within the communication process.

Decoding

The process by which the receiver interprets the meaning of the received message.

Noise

Any interference or disruption occurring during the encoding, transmission, or decoding of a message.

Elements of the Communication Process

The complete pathway of communication including Sender, Encoding, Message, Media/Channel, Noise, Receiver, Decoding, and Feedback.

Psychological Barriers to Communication

Internal obstacles to communication such as defensiveness of the receiver, motivational distortion from the receiver's end, and self-preoccupation.

Physical Barriers to Communication

Environmental or physical obstacles that interfere with the effective process of communication.

Leadership

The ability of an individual or a group of people to influence and guide followers or members of an organization, society, or team.

Autocratic Leadership

A leadership style where the leader makes decisions independently without group input.

Laissez-Faire Leadership

A hands-off leadership style giving freedom and individual independence to followers.

Democratic Leadership

A consultative leadership style characterized by asking questions and involving group members in decision-making.

Transformational Leadership

A leadership style focused on guiding followers through a shared vision and inspirational leadership qualities.

Key Qualities of a Transformational Leader

Essential traits including delegating, honesty, communication, commitment to the goal, confidence, positivity, and dynamism.