PNB 2264 Exam 3 Quiz Questions

Consider a sensory pathway transmitting information about a fine touch, vibration or proprioceptive stimulus originating from your right index finger. The first order neuron transmits information from a __A___ and its cell body is found in the ___B___. The first order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the ___C____. Cell bodies of third order neurons are found in the ____D_____ and the third order neurons terminate in the ____E_____.

A: Mechanoreceptor

B: Dorsal root ganglion

C: Medulla

D: Thalamus

E: Postcentral gyrus

Consider a sensory pathway transmitting information about a temperature stimulus originating from your right index finger. The first order neuron transmits information from the ___A___ its cell body is found in the ___B____.The first order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the __C____. Cell bodies of third order neurons are found in the ___D___ and the third order neurons terminate in the ___E____.

A: Thermoreceptor

B: Dorsal root ganglion

C: Dorsal root

D: Thalamus

E: Postcentral gyrus

Consider again the sensory pathways transmitting information about fine, discriminatory touch and pressure, vibration, and proprioception stimulus originating from your right finger. Axons of the first order neurons are carried in the ___A___ and axons of second order neurons make up the __B____. The pathway crosses to the left side in the __C___. Wiring for the process of lateral inhibition is found in the ____D___ and serves this function: __E___.

A: Fasciculus cuneatus

B: Medial lemniscus

C: Medulla

D: Medulla

E: Localization

Pain afferents release _____A_______ as a transmitter. Descending analgesic (pain relief) neurons that synapse with the ______B__________ of the pain afferent may interrupt the transmission of pain information by affecting voltage gated channels.

A: Substance P

B: Axon terminal

Match structure and function:

A: Hypothalamus

B: Medulla

C: Cerebellum

D: Precentral gyrus

E: Limbic System

A: Temperature regulations

B: Respiratory control center

C: Coordination

D: Primary motor cortex

E: Emotion and memory

Match structure and description:

A: Fasciculus gracilis

B: Medial lemniscus

C: Nucleus gracilis

D: Thalamus

A: Tract in spinal cord

B: Tract in brain

C: Gray matter in medulla

D: Gray matter in diencephalon

Match structure and function:

A: Basal Ganglia

B: Superior colliculus

C: Thalamus

D: Spinothalamic tract

E: Reticulospinal tract

A: Subcortical nuclei important in movement

B: Midbrain structure involved in head/eye movement

C: Sensory relay nuclei in diencephalon

D: Sensory transmission in spinal cord

E: Motor transmission in spinal cord

Put the following structures in the sequence that correctly describes the path light follows starting with entering the eye and ending with absorption by pigment epithelium or photopigment.

Cornea

Pupil

Lens

Retinal ganglion cell layer

Amacrine cell layer

Bipolar cell layer

Horizontal cell layer

Receptors (rods and cones)

Light is refracted by the ___A___. Contraction of the __B____ muscle causes the suspensory ligament to become __C____ which allows the ____D___ to become more ___E___ for close vision. The process just described allows light to be focused upon the ___F___, which has the greatest density of cones

A: Both

B: Ciliary

C: Looser

D: Lens

E: Rounded

F: Fovea

Put the following events in the correct sequence, beginning with the membrane potential of a rod cell in the DARK. (Note: "Vm" is membrane potential.)

Vm -40 mV

Causes glutamate release

Excitation of Off Bipolar cells

Light absorbed by rhodopsin

Cation channel closes

Vm -70 mV

Causes glutamate release to stop

Excitation of On Bipolar cells

Which of the following are true statements concerning on-center retinal ganglion cells and their receptive field (RF) characteristics? (Note: "annular stimulation" refers to a donut-shaped circle of light illuminating a surround but not the center of an RF.) 5 answers.

1. Retinal ganglion cell axons make up the optic nerve (cranial nerve II)

2. A spot of light illuminating a small portion of the RF center produces an on response

3. Annular light stimulation illuminating the surround of the RF produces an off response

4. A spot of light that completely fills the RF center, but not the surround; produces the greatest on response

5. Retinal ganglion cell axons originating from the nasal retina project to the opposite cerebral hemisphere

Which of the following statements about the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) are true? (4 answers) (Note: V1 = Primary Visual Cortex)

1. The LGN is part of the diecephalon

2. The P interblob pathway transmits information about depth from LGN to V1

3. The adequate stimulus for an LGN cell requires contrast (between light and dark) within the receptive field

4. The right optic tract projects to the right LGN

A simple cortical cell, found in the __A___ typically receives input from ___B__ eye(s). A simple cortical cell will respond to a ___C____ of light within its receptive field as long as the stimulus is at the proper ___D_____ in the receptive field. Complex cortical cells are found in the __E_____ and their adequate stimulus requirements are ___F_____ the simple cell's adequate stimulus. Face neurons (also called "face-selective" neurons) are found in the ___G____, which is part of the ___H____visual cortex.

A: V1 cortex

B: Both

C: Bar

D: Orientation

E: V1 cortex

F: More restricted than

G: Temporal lobe

H: Association

Which of the following statements about the visual system are correct? (3 answers)

1. The right primary visual cortex processes information from the left visual field.

2. In the primary (V1) visual cortex, information about shape and contrast forms the primal sketch.

3. Photosensory information is first modified in the retina.

On-bipolar cells have _____A______ receptors which are ______B_______ when the transmitter _____C_____ is released by photoreceptors. When their receptive fields are in the dark, on-bipolar cells are _____D______.

A: mGluR

B: Inhibited

C: Glutamate

D: Inhibited

Which of the following are associated with Parkinson's Disease? (Three answers)

1. Damage to basal ganglia

2. Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)

3. Rigid tone

This question concerns the knee jerk reflex. In response to a quick stretch of the quadriceps, ___A___ activate afferents which transmit information about muscle length via the ___B____ In addition, the afferents synapse with ___C____ interneurons in the ___D____ to cause the quadriceps to __E____ and the antagonist hamstrings to ___F____. This deep tendon reflex is a quick screen of the motor control system ____G___.

A: Muscle spindles

B: Fasciculus gracilis

C: Both

D: Spinal cord

E: Contract

F: Relax

G: True

The _____A______ is the lowest level of the CNS that contains the circuitry for a central pattern generator, which can generate the rhythmic pattern of walking.

A: Spinal cord gray matter

Match structure and function.

A: Transduces head position

B: Transduces angular acceleration/deceleration

C: Transduces linear acceleration/deceleration

D: Transmits afferent information about equilibrium

A: Utricle

B: Semicircular canals

C: Utricle

D: Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Match CNS structure with function in motor control.

A: Dorsolateral tract influencing innervation to muscles of arm and leg

B: Ventromedial tract arising in M1 and synapsing with motor neurons to trunk muscles

C: Sectioning this tract would make stereognosis difficult

D: Damage/loss of function causes involuntary movements such as resting tremor

E: Damage/loss of function causes tremor seen upon purposeful movements

A: Rubrospinal tract

B: Anterior corticospinal tract

C: Lateral corticospinal tract

D: Basal ganglia

E: Cerebellum

The basal ganglia are __A____, and play roles in ___B____.

A: Nuclei

B: Control of movement

The precentral gyrus is in the ______.

Frontal lobe

The reticular formation is in the _________.

Midbrain, Medulla, Pons

What are correct association of structure and function?

1. Choroid plexus & formation of cerebrospinal fluid

2. Astrocytes & BBB

3. Circle of Willis & connects middle and posterior cerebral arteries

The ______ connects the two hemispheres.

Corpus callosum

The postcentral gyrus is in the ________.

Occipital lobe

The left optic nerve (II) contains axons from the ________.

Lateral (temporal) and medial (nasal) portions of the left retina.

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is part of the ______.

Thalamus

Which is the correct pairing of cranial nerve and function?

Facial (VII) & Sensory and motor innervation of the jaw

Which are true/false statements about the internal capsule?

T: Sensory information travels in the internal capsule

T: It contains axons carrying information from spinal cord to cortex

T: It contains axons carrying information from cortex to spinal cord

T: It is a tract

F: It includes neurons originating in the basal ganglia

How many cranial nerves are involved in eye movements?

Three

The left optic tract contains axons from the _____.

Lateral (temporal) portion of the left retina and medial (nasal) portion of the right retina.

The thalamus is in the ______.

Diencephalon

The superior colliculus is in the ______.

Midbrain

The ________ divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe.

Central sulcus.

Which is the correct pairing of cranial nerve and function?

Trochlear (IV) & eye movement

The ______ divides the brain into left and right hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

The basal ganglia include the ______

Caudate nucleus

What is the correct association of central lobe and function?

Parietal & somatosensory

The fasciculus cuneatus ______.

Transmits information originating from receptors in the upper extremity.

The optic nerve (II) is formed by axons of ______

Retinal ganglion cells

The most anterior part of the outermost layer of the eyeball (the sclera) is the _____________

Transparent cornea

Light is focused on the ____A_______ by the ____B________

A: Retina

B: Lens

The diameter of the pupil is controlled by the ____________

Iris

Bipolar cells synapse with ___________ in the retina.

Retinal ganglion cells

Rods

Cones

Which of the following visual cells fire action potentials?

Retinal ganglion cells

This ciliary body is composed of _____A_____ and surrounds the ____B_____

A: Muscle

B: Lens

The optic nerve (II) projects to and synapses in the ____________

Thalamus

Cones are specialized to detect __________

Color and fine detail

Compared to cones, rods are _____A_____ numerous and ___B_______ sensitive

A: more

B: more

Muscle spindles are activated by __________

Change in length of muscle

The firing frequency of spindle afferents informs the CNS of ________

Rate of change in length

Length of muscle that isn't changing

Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by ____________

Alpha motor neurons

Alpha-gamma co-activation ensures that when your CNS activates the alpha motor neuron to a muscle, it automatically causes the striated ends of the muscle spindles to contract along with the extrafusal muscle fibers.

True

Stimulating a gamma motor neuron causes ____________

The muscle spindle to be stretched

The spindle afferents to be activated

Muscle spindles have striated ends that are innervated by ___________

Gamma motor neurons

Spindle afferents provide the CNS with constant information about muscle length for every muscle in the body at all times

True

This diagram shows a muscle (and its spindle) being stretched, and the diagram on bottom right shows the firing frequency of the spindle afferent both before stretch and during stretch. If now the muscle was stretched FASTER, the firing frequency of the spindle afferent would _______

Increase

In response to a muscle being stretched to a longer length, the spindle firing frequency would

Increase

If tension on a tendon increases too much, the ___A______ will activate an _____B_____ in the spinal cord to produce ______C______ of that muscle.

A: Golgi tendon organ

B: Inhibitory interneuron

C: Decreased contraction

UNLIKE the somatic motor nervous system, the autonomic nervous system has neurons with cell bodies in ____________

Ganglia

Target organs for sympathetic neurons include

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Glands

Target organs for parasympathetic neurons include

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Glands

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons release the transmitter ______A________ to ______B______

A: ACh

B: Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons release the transmitter _____A_________ to ______B______

A: ACh

B: Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release the transmitter ______________ to ____________

A: ACh

B: Target organs (effectors)

Cell bodies of parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are found in ___________

Brainstem nuclei for several cranial nerves

Cell bodies of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are found in ___________

Spinal cord segments T1 - L2

Cell bodies of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are found in ___________

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Some sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons synapse in sympathetic chain ganglia, and some synapse in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

True

Some parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons synapse in peripheral ganglia, and some synapse in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

False

Adrenergic receptors bind ____A_____ and are found in _______B______

A: NE

B: Sympathetic target organs

Nictotinic receptors bind ____A_____ and are found in _____B________

A: ACh

B: Sympathetic chain ganglia

Muscarinic receptors bind ___A______ and are found in _____B________

A: ACh

B: Parasympathetic target organs

Most autonomic target organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

True

This question concerns Gq-protein mediated signal transduction. When hormone binds receptor and activates the Gq subunit, the next step is activation of ___A___. This enzyme now causes hydrolysis of ___B____, resulting in the production of ___C____. The end result of this process is activation of ___D____, which causes effector protein __E____.

A: Phospholipase C

B: PIP2

C: IP3 and DAG

D: Protein Kinase C

E: Phosphorylation

This question concerns Gs-protein mediated signal transduction. When hormone binds receptor and activates the Gs subunit, the next step is activation of ___A____. This enzyme now causes the production of __B_____. The end result of this process is activation of ___C____, which causes effector protein ___D_____.

A: Adenyl cyclase

B: cAMP

C: Protein Kinase A

D: phosphorylation

Consult the flow chart we drew at the end of class this week, which concerned control of anterior pituitary hormones in order to answer the following multiple choice question: The effector hormone feeds back to the _____A______ to limit production of the ____B______

Hypothalamus; releasing hormone

Anterior pituitary; tropic hormone

(both)

Consult the flow chart we drew at the end of class this week, which concerned control of anterior pituitary hormones in order to answer the following multiple choice question: The anterior pituitary hormone feeds back to the ___A________ to limit production of the ____B______

A: Hypothalamus

B: Releasing hormone

Consult the flow chart we drew at the end of class this week, which concerned control of anterior pituitary hormones in order to answer the following multiple choice question: The releasing hormone feeds back to the ____A______ to limit production of the ___B_______

A: Hypothalamus

B: Releasing hormone

The diencephalon contains the ________

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Cranial nerve nuclei and a respiratory control center are found in the ________

Medulla

The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is located in the _____A_______ of the _____B_________

A: Postcentral gyrus

B: Parietal lobe

The ability to identify an object using just touch is called _______A___________ and is only possible when sensory information reaches the ______B_________

A: Stereognosis

B: Sensory association cortex

Retinal ganglion cell axons from the nasal retina form part of the ___A____ and ___B___ to the opposite side at the optic chiasm

A: Optic Nerve (II)

B: Cross

Arrange the sequence of structures making up an anterolateral (AL) system tract in the correct order, starting with transduction at the receptor and ending with primary somatosensory cortex (S1).

Thermoreceptor

Dorsal horn

Spinothalamic tract

Thalamus

S1.

At what point does sensory information traveling in the fasciculus cuneatus cross to the contralateral side?

In the medulla

Visual information is heavily processed to create the visual world. This processing first occurs at which level of the visual hierarchy?

Retina

Hitting the quadriceps tendon with a reflex hammer (quick stretch) will activate _____A________ , causing monosynaptic (direct) activation of motor neurons to ______B_______ muscles and activation of this sensory pathway: ____C_____

A: Muscle spindles

B: Ipsilateral quadriceps

C: Fasciculus gracilis

Unlike in the dorsal column system, the anterolateral system first order neurons ________

Synapse in the spinal cord

The ______________ branches from the internal carotid artery, and is a common stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident/CVA) location. A CVA involving this vessel will cause contralateral hemiplegia.

Middle cerebral artery

Which retinal cells use lateral inhibition to refine information coming from receptors in the retina?

Horizontal cells

Axons of third order neurons in the ascending somatosensory pathways plus axons of descending primary motor cortex (M1) neurons travel together in this tract:

Internal capsule

In order to focus upon ___A____ objects, the lens becomes more rounded when ___B_______

A: Close

B: Suspensory ligament (zonular fibers) relaxes

In the dark,a(n) ___A___ of glutamate binding to ___B____ receptors leads to ____C____ of off-center bipolar cells.

A: Increase

B: Ionotropic

C: Activation

After transduction, what is the correct path visual information takes to travel from the retina to the primary visual cortex?

Cones

Bipolar cells

Retinal ganglion cells

Optic nerve

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Occipital lobe

When visual information reaches the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Information about form and depth of stimulus will then be separated from information about color.

In V4 (association) visual cortex of humans

Color is added to the neural representation of the visual world

Which of the following is the adequate stimulus for a complex cortical cell in V1 (primary visual cortex)?

An end-stopped bar of light (light with discontinuous edge) oriented at a specific angle

Which statement applies to retinal ganglion cells?

They require contrast within their receptive fields to be activated.