BIO 211 Exam

Nucleus

Stores and protects cells DNA; Site where DNA is replicated

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids; Like butter

Rough ER

Synthesizes proteins; Like meat

Golgi apparatus

Shipping and receiving center; ER gives to Golgi, Golgi finalizes proteins/lipids for the cell and sends them off

Lysosomes

Very acidic; digests

Vacuoles

Holds organic compounds (food) and water

Photosynthesis Formula

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy of the universe is constant

• Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
  cannot be created or destroyed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Every energy transfer or transformation increases the
  entropy of the universe

• Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder, or
  randomness

Intergins

Transmembrane receptor proteins that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and ECM adhesion.

Fibronectin

Glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the ECM.

Tight Cell Junction

Prevents leakage of material through the space between cells.

Gap Cell Junction

Allows passage of materials between cells.

Plasmodesmata

Open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between cells.

Transport Proteins

Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane; Specific for the substance that it is moving

Peripheral Proteins

Bound to the surface of a membrane

Integral Proteins

Penetrate the hydrophobic core

Integral Proteins that span membrane are called?

Transmembrane proteins

Active Transport

Requires energy to move substances; Usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis

Passive Transport

Does not require energy to move substances; Molecules move from high to low

Na+ K+ Pump

Transport protein that is energized by transfer of a phosphate group from the hydrolysis of ATP. Moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell per cycle.

Proton Pump

An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane in the potential process.

Exocytosis

Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell.

Catabolic Pathways

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Anabolic Pathways

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

Exergonic

Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous.

Endergonic

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous.