AP Psychology Unit 3 Question Style Cards

What is developmental psychology concerned with?

The study of how people change and grow throughout life.

What type of study compares different groups at one point in time?

Cross-sectional study.

What type of study follows the same group of individuals over a long period?

Longitudinal study.

What are teratogens?

Substances that can cause birth defects during prenatal development.

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, causing brain damage and growth problems.

What is habituation?

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

What is maturation in psychology?

The process of development which occurs in a fixed sequence.

What is a critical period?

A specific time during development when certain skills or abilities are most easily acquired.

What is adolescence?

The developmental stage that occurs during the teenage years.

What changes occur during puberty?

The development of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive capacity.

What is menopause?

The time in a woman's life when her menstrual cycles cease.

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to roles and behaviors considered appropriate for men and women.

What does the term intersex refer to?

Individuals with ambiguous sexual characteristics.

What is aggression?

Behavior intended to harm another individual.

What type of aggression focuses on harming social relationships?

Relational aggression.

Who is Carol Gilligan?

A psychologist known for her work on gender differences in moral development.

What chromosome is typically associated with female biological characteristics?

X chromosome.

What chromosome is typically associated with male biological characteristics?

Y chromosome.

What role does testosterone play in development?

It influences the development of male physical characteristics and behaviors.

What are estrogens?

Hormones that play a key role in the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

What are primary sex characteristics?

The reproductive organs and structures directly involved in reproduction.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Physical features that distinguish males from females but are not directly involved in reproduction.

What is spermarche?

The first occurrence of ejaculation in males.

What is menarche?

The first occurrence of menstruation in females.

What does the term role refer to?

A set of expectations about how to behave in a particular social position.

What is a gender role?

Societal expectations for behaviors and attitudes based on one's gender.

What is sexual aggression?

Aggressive behavior with a sexual motivation.

What is gender identity?

An individual's personal sense of their gender.

What does social learning theory propose about gender roles?

That gender roles are learned through observation and imitation.

What is gender typing?

The process of developing characteristics or behaviors consistent with one's gender role.

What does androgyny refer to?

A combination of both masculine and feminine traits.

What is sexuality?

The capacity for sexual feelings and orientation.

What does asexual mean?

A lack of sexual attraction to others.

Who was Alfred Kinsey?

A biologist who conducted important research on human sexuality.

What is a social script?

A set of expectations that guide behavior in social situations.

Who is Alice Eagly?

A psychologist known for her work on gender roles and social behavior.

What is sexual orientation?

The pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction one feels towards others.

Who is Jean Piaget?

A psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

What does cognition refer to?

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension.

What is a schema?

A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

What is assimilation in terms of cognitive development?

Integrating new information into existing schemas.

What is accommodation in cognitive development?

Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?

The first stage of cognitive development, from birth to 2 years, where infants learn through sensory experiences.

What is object permanence?

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

What is the preoperational stage?

The second stage of cognitive development, from ages 2 to 7, characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

What does conservation refer to?

The understanding that quantity does not change even when its shape does.

What is egocentrism in cognitive development?

The inability to perceive a situation or event from an alternative point of view.

What characterizes the concrete operational stage?

The third stage of cognitive development, where children can think logically about concrete events.

What is the formal operational stage?

The final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and logically.

Who is Lev Vygotsky?

A psychologist known for his sociocultural theory of cognitive development.

What does the term scaffold refer to in education?

Support provided by a teacher or peer that helps a learner accomplish tasks they cannot complete independently.

What is theory of mind?

The understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own.

What role does language play in cognition?

Language is a critical tool for communication and processing thought.

Who is Noam Chomsky?

A linguist known for his theory of universal grammar.

What is a phoneme?

The smallest unit of sound in a language.

What is a morpheme?

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

What does grammar refer to?

The system of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.

What is universal grammar according to Chomsky?

The theory that all human languages share a common underlying structure.

What is the babbling stage?

The stage in language development when infants make random sounds and vocalizations.

What is the one-word stage?

The stage in language development where children use single words to convey whole ideas.

What is the two-word stage?

The stage in language development where children start combining two words to form simple sentences.

What is telegraphic speech?

Early speech stage that uses two- or three-word statements that convey essential meaning.

What is aphasia?

A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.

Who is Paul Broca?

A neurologist known for discovering Broca’s area, linked to speech production.

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

The area of the brain associated with speech production.

Who is Carl Wernicke?

A neurologist known for discovering Wernicke’s area, linked to language comprehension.

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

The area of the brain associated with language comprehension.

What is linguistic determinism?

The theory that language shapes thought and perception.

Who is Benjamin Lee Whorf?

A linguistic anthropologist known for his ideas about linguistic relativity and language affecting thought.

What is linguistic relativism?

The principle that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view.

What is ecological systems theory?

A framework for understanding human development within various environmental contexts.

What is stranger anxiety?

The fear of unfamiliar people, typically seen in infants.

What is attachment in psychology?

An emotional bond between a child and caregiver.

Who was Harry Harlow?

A psychologist known for his research on attachment using rhesus monkeys.

Who was Margaret Harlow?

A psychologist who worked with Harry Harlow on attachment research.

What is imprinting?

A rapid form of learning that occurs in a critical period, typically in young animals.

Who is Konrad Lorenz?

A biologist known for his work on imprinting in animals.

Who is Mary Ainsworth?

A psychologist known for her work on attachment styles through the Strange Situation experiment.

What is the Strange Situation?

A procedure used to observe attachment relationships between caregivers and children.

What characterizes secure attachment?

A strong, positive emotional bond that develops between a child and caregiver.

What characterizes insecure attachment?

A weak, negative emotional bond that may involve anxiety or avoidance.

What is temperament in psychology?

An individual's natural disposition or personality traits.

Who is Erik Erikson?

A psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development across the lifespan.

What is basic trust?

A sense of security that parents create in their children, usually established in infancy.

What is self-concept?

The perception of oneself in relation to others.

Who is Diana Baumrind?

A psychologist known for her research on parenting styles.

What is identity in psychology?

The sense of self that develops over time.

What is social identity?

The part of an individual's self-concept that derives from their group memberships.

What does intimacy refer to in psychological terms?

The ability to form close, loving relationships.

What is emerging adulthood?

A distinct developmental period from late teens to mid-20s marked by exploration and self-discovery.

What is a social clock?

Societal expectations for the timing of life events such as marriage and parenthood.

What is learning in psychology?

A lasting change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

What is associative learning?

Learning that occurs when an individual makes a connection between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response.

What is a stimulus?

Any event or object that elicits a response.

What is respondent behavior?

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a particular stimulus.

What is operant behavior?

Behavior that is influenced by the consequences that follow it.

What is cognitive learning?

Learning that involves knowing, understanding, and thinking.

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

A psychologist known for his work in classical conditioning.

What is classical conditioning?

A learning process that involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Who is John B. Watson?

A psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism.