Music 2 Exam

Middle Ages

400-1450 earliest noted music; church music; harmony and rhythmic concepts are introduced

Renaissance

1450-1600 printing and distribution of music; focus moves from church to palace; development of national styles; age of secular music

Baroque

1600-1750 invention of opera; development of instrumental music and genres; tonal harmony developed

Classical

1750-1825 public concerts featured; symphony orchestra flourishes; large-scale compositions developed

Romantic

1820-1900 composer as an independent artist; rise of virtuoso performer; chromatic harmony and more dissonance featured; pragmatic music; nationalism in composition

Impression

1890-1915 Modal and exotic scales; music influenced by art and literary movements; French Romanticism

Modernist

20th Century revolutionary concepts in harmony and rhythm; influence of jazz, traditional, and popular music; unusual instrumental combos; development of recording; influence of technology; idiosyncratic approaches to music; expanded instrumental techniques and ranges; global music influences

Culture of Middle Ages

Fall of the Roman Empire, Centers of Power: early christian church, state/king; turmoil and change- violence by the church

Patronage System (Middle Ages)

someone employs an artist/musician to make music → usually someone wealthy

Monasteries (Middle Ages)

Places set apart with either monks (men) or nuns (women)

Hildegard of Bingen, Alleluia

Gregorian Chant

Middle Ages→ monophonic, free flowing, follows inflection of the text; 3 types: syllabic, neumatic, melismatic

Syllabic

Middle Ages Gregorian chant; 1 note per syllable

Nuematic

Middle Ages Gregorian chant; small groups of up to 5 or 6 notes per syllable

Melismatic

Middle Ages Gregorian chant; long groups of notes per syllable

Organum

Middle Ages; earliest harmonic music; adds a second voice to the cant

Notre Dame School Organum, Gaude Maria virgo

Motet

Middle Ages; words added to organum voices

French word mot: “word”

Of the Father’s Love Begotten

Middle Ages song

Culture of the Renaissance

Humanism- human ability to problem solve; secular; scientific inquiry; Greece and Rome

Major Developments in Renaissance

compass, printing- “classical style” art, realism- replaced art’s symbolism from the Middle Ages; patronage system expanded- instrument and music producers

“Sacred” Music

Corporate worship, a capella (polyphonic→imitation), harmonies, motet, Josquin des Prez (”Ave Maria”)

Motet

sacred form with a single Latin text, written for 3,4, or more voices (a choral piece)

Josquin des Prez

Renaissance; polyphonic writer, “Ave Maria”

Renaissance is almost always…

a cappella

Protestand Reformation (1517)

Martin Luther, “vernacular

Martin Luther

brough congregational singing to the Church

Counter Reformation

wanted to revert back to what the church and worship was

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

church business meeting

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)

Pope Marcellus Mass; “Gloria” → sounds like pre-reformation: polyphonic a cappella

“Secular” Music

rise of amateur musicians; 2 poetic musical forms: chanson and madrigal; word painting

Amateur musician

anyone who can make music → where young girls could thrive

Chanson

french musical form where storytelling, lyric-driven poetry is more important than the melody

Madrigal

english/italian; secular form/genre; chamber music made for a small room

word painting

changing/matching the written music to the text/words in the texts

Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

Choir master of St. Marks; felt music should follow the words; used pre-written poems to write his music

Italian madrigal→ heavy topics

Sì chi io vorrei morire

John Farmer (1570-1603)

english madrigal →light hearted topics

Fair Phyllis

Instrumental Dance Music

not written specifically for instruments; music printing, chansons/madrigals; instrumentation not specified; percussion improvised

Tielman Susato (1515-1571)

Danserye

most popular dance collection of the renaissance

Baroque time of change

muddle class culture, poverty vs. luxury, idealism vs. oppression, devout religious expression

Baroque time of dramatic expression

music intentionally emotional, used to enhance the expression of words, expressive power of musical instruments alone, grandeur

Barroco

a pearl of irregular shape

Baroque musical syle

new harmonic structures: basso continuo, major/minor tonality, vigorous rhythm

“Hallelujah Chorus,” “Rejoice, Greatly” from Messiah

Baroque era G.F. Handel

Baroque musical style contrast

terraced dynamics, colors, solo vs. tutti, range, tempo

“Spring” from The Four Seasons

Baroque era Antonio Vivaldi

Baroque Musical Style

Monody, improvisation

Opera

a large scale music drama that combines poetry, acting, scenery and sostumes with thinging and instrumental music

Oratorio

a large scale musical work for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, generally based on a Bible story

Musical components of Operas and Oratorios

recitative, aria, chorus

recitative

a musical declamation whose purpose is to move the story along

aria

a lyrical solo song, usually emotional

chorus

an ensemble number

“Thy Hand, Belinda” from Dido and Aeneas

Recitative example from Baroque, Henry Purcell

Concerto

Baroque musical form, an instrumental form based on the opposition of 2 dissimilar masses of sound; instruments only, no voices

Solo Concerto

a solo instrument is featured, supported by a group of instrumentalists

Concerto Grosso

a small group of instrumentalists contrasted against a larger group of instrumentalists

Brandenburg Concerto #4 from Movement 3

J.S. Bach (concerto grosso)

Fugue

Latin for “flight;” implies the flight of a theme from one “voice” to another; based on imitation; entire song is characterized by the theme

“Little Fugue in G Minor”

J.S. Bach - Fugue

Orchestral Suite

a multi-movement work made up of a series of contrasting dance movements, generally all in the same key

“Gigue” from Orchestral Suite #3

J.S. Bach → Orchestral Suite (AABB)

Johann Sebastian Bach

Brandenburg Concertos, Clavier, Cantor, Cantatas, The Art of Fugue; organist; “Soli Deo Gloria”; consummation of Baroque musical forms

“Wachet auf (Sleeper, Awake)”

J.S. Bach, Cantata #140

George F. Handel

Baroque composer; composed for public taste; “secular” music; Hamburg (violin, opera)

sonata-allegro form

allegro

dramatic, serious, establishes main themes and key

theme and variation

Adante or allegro

Song-like, expressive, contrast to the first movement

minuet and trio

Allegretto or moderato

triple meter, lighter, often playful

Rondo

Allegro or Presto

spiritful, joyful, brings the work to an energetic close