transport IB bio

what are arteries?

they take blood away from the heart

What are veins?

They return blood to the heart

What are capillaries?

pick up/drop off blood to the heart

What is the pathway of blood?

body tissues, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs (alveoli), pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, body tissues

What are adpatations of capillaries for effective change?

Large surface area due to branching, narrow diameters, thin walls, and fenestrations (gaps in the wall)

What is the structure of arteries?

Move blood away from the heart, blood is under high pressure, thicker and stronger walls, smaller lumen, pressure is maintained, look more circular in a micrograph image

What is the structure of veins?

Return blood to the heart, low pressure, thinner walls, larger lumen, and will appear squashed on micrograph images

What is the aorta?

Main artery and it takes blood from the heart to the head and rest of the body, arteries that divide from this will carry blood at high pressure to the rest of the body

What are the adaptations of arteries?

overall wall thickness, thick layer of elastic tissue, stretching of walls, elastic tissue and collagen fibers in tunica externa, high proportion of elastic fibers, and change in ratio of smooth muscle fibers and elastic in tunia media with distance from heart

What do valves help with in veins?

It helps prevent backflow and helps ensure that blood only flows in one direction

What are the structure of veins?

thin walls with the external layer being the thickest and helps keep blood moving through surrounding muscles

How does pressure change as blood moves from the heart to the arteries, capillaries, and returns the heart through the veins?

Blood leaving the heart is going to have really high pressure in the arteries and it travels to the capillaries an it is under a lot less pressure.

what are some structural features of capillaries?

low pressure, thin walls, facilitates gas exchange, thin pores, and they have narrow tubes

what are some structural features of arteries?

thick walls to withstand high pressure and velocity and narrow lumen

what are some structural features of veins?

low pressure, thin walls, wide lumen, and valves to prevent backflow

What are cornary arteries and what is their function?

the arteries that supply blood and oxigenate the tissue of the heart and this is because th heart tissue needs to have its own kind of blood so other blood doesn’t move through it

what is an occlusion?

When coronary arteries can become narrowed or blocked

What are the steps to antherosclerosis?

damage to the artery walls, raised blood pressure, repair of damaged region, lesion formation, and plaque ruptures

What is the process of transpiration?

When water is transported in a specialized tissue called the xylem. Water is absorbed by the roots of lost from the mesophyll cells in leaves

What is the transpiration stream?

the flow of water through capillary action, tension, and cohesion

How does cohesion and adhesion help the movement of water?

the tension is transmitted down the stem to the roots because of the cohesion of the water molecules and cohesion and adhesion continue through the water colum and under this tension the column doesn’t break or move away from the sides of the xylem vessels

What are the advantages of transpiration?

colling effect, passively carries dissolved ions, and full hydration

What is the apoplast pathway?

the mass flow of water through interconnecting free spaces between cellulose fibers of the plant cell wall

What is the symplast pathway?

diffusion through the cytoplasm of cells and small openings in the cell walls called the plasmodesmata

What does from vacuole to vacuole mean?

by osmosis driven by a gradient in osmotic pressure caused by active uptake of mineral ions from the soil

What is the casparian strip?

A waxy impermeable layer of cells close to the center of the root and this helps prevent soil solution from continuing the diffusion through the apoplast pathway

What are the two types of xylem vessels?

tracheids and vessel elements

What is the structure for xylem cells?

long continuous tubes that help the water move effiecently, pits that are areas for entry and exit of water, cells walls, plasma mebrane, and cell contetns to form hollow tubes to allow the water to flow unimpeded through, and hydriphonic lignin thickening of cell walls that help it withstand high tension and stops the water from escaping