history making a nation

What is imperialism?

Extending control over other territories

What is colonialism?

Settling and ruling foreign lands

How does imperialism differ from colonialism?

Control versus settlement

What is a push factor?

Reason to leave home

What is a pull factor?

Reason to migrate somewhere

What was Britain's economic motive?

Gain resources and markets

What was Britain's political motive?

Increase power and territory

What was Britain's religious motive?

Spread Christianity

What was Britain's ideological motive?

Belief in European superiority

Why did Britain expand overseas?

Power, wealth, and influence

What was Australia called before colonisation?

New Holland

Who was Captain Cook?

British explorer and navigator

When did Cook reach Australia's east coast?

1770

Why was Cook sent to Pacific?

Observation and exploration

How did Cook respond at Botany Bay?

Used gunfire against Gweagal

Who was Joseph Banks?

Scientist accompanying Cook

What did Cook and Banks report?

Botany Bay suitable colony

What was an advantage of Botany Bay?

Large natural harbour

What is a penal colony?

Settlement for convicts

What was the First Fleet?

First convict transport fleet

Who led the First Fleet?

Arthur Phillip

When did the First Fleet arrive?

1788

Why was Australia colonised?

Convict settlement and expansion

How were convicts used?

Labour for colony development

What is Terra Nullius?

Land belonging to nobody

How did Britain justify Terra Nullius?

Claimed Aboriginal sovereignty absent

Who were Australia's first inhabitants?

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders

What was early contact like?

Initially friendly exchanges

What disease devastated Indigenous populations?

Smallpox

What three factors reduced Indigenous populations?

Disease, dispossession, conflict

How much did populations decline?

About ninety percent

Why did conflict increase?

Competition for land resources

What were Frontier Wars?

Conflicts between settlers and Indigenous

Who was Bennelong?

Indigenous intermediary with British

Who was Pemulwuy?

Aboriginal resistance leader

What does Bennelong's story show?

Cultural cooperation challenges

What does Pemulwuy's story show?

Active Indigenous resistance

What is a gold rush?

Mass movement seeking gold

Who discovered gold in NSW?

Edward Hargraves

When was NSW gold discovered?

1851

Why was Victoria's separation significant?

Kept gold wealth locally

What is alluvial gold?

Gold found in rivers

What is deep reef gold?

Gold mined underground

What happened to Australia's population?

It rapidly increased

How did gold rush affect economy?

Massive economic growth

How did gold rush affect cities?

Cities expanded quickly

What was life like on goldfields?

Hard, crowded, unhealthy

Why were Chinese miners distrusted?

Racism and cultural differences

What was Yellow Peril?

Fear of Asian immigration

What was Eureka Stockade?

Miners' protest for rights

How did gold rush aid democracy?

Inspired political reform

What is national identity?

Shared sense of nationhood

When did Australians identify nationally?

Late nineteenth century

What is federation?

Joining colonies into one nation

What were defence reasons for federation?

Protection from foreign threats

What were economic reasons for federation?

Remove tariffs and barriers

What was White Australia Policy?

Restrict non-white immigration

When was federation achieved?

1 January 1901

What was the Immigration Restriction Act?

Introduced dictation test

What was Commonwealth Franchise Act?

Women gained voting rights

What was Harvester Judgment?

Created minimum wage standard

What was Old-Age Pensions Act?

National welfare payments

How were Indigenous Australians affected federally?

Rights often excluded