Limbic system

limbic sx- Located as __ between?

Located as border between telencephalon and diencephalon

Lies on the ___ rim of the brain between?

Lies on medial rim of brain between cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

Basic jobs of the limbic system

Survival

Limbic system: “Feeling and reacting brain”

• Associated with control of functions necessary for?

• Regulate __ and __ function in response to emotional stimuli

• Set level of __

• Involved in __ and __ behaviors

Limbic system has a large role in?

memory

Some regions closely connected to?

Creates two-way connection between thoughts/memories and emotions via

the fornix

The fornix is an arched structure whose neurons communicates between?

Fornix is an arched structure whose neurons communicates between hippocampus and hypothalamus

Limbic system simplified - HOME

Limbic system simplified - HOME - location!

Limbic system is responsible for __ laden responses and behaviors.

Limbic structures serve as a bridge between __ and __ responses

Primary nonoutput node for limbic system

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

• Connected with frontal lobes, septal nuclei, brainstem RF via ___

• Receives inputs from hippocampus via __ and __

• Receives sensory inputs from most of the body as well as from __, __, __

• Has internal sensors for ___, ___, __, __ concentration

• Has receptors for __ signals

Hypothalamus

•Has output centers involved in __, __, __, __

•Strongly influences many functions including __ (via brainstem and spinal cord), __ function (via pituitary gland), and __ (via RF)

•Some functions are intrinsic to hypothalamus: __, __, __, __

Amygdala

• Located in the __ within the __ (__)

Amygdala

• End of __ near putamen (not part of BG)

• Receives a great deal of __ input (afferent)

• Projects efferent fibers to __ and __

Amygdala role

• Critical center for __, __ and __ responses to __ stimuli, especially those with __ content

Amygdala role

• Integrates many __ involved in the survival of the species, particularly to __

Lesions of the amygdala reduce responses to __; stimulation of the amygdala can produce __

Olfaction

• Primary olfactory cortex receives direct input from CN __ without passing through __

• Is located near the __ tip of the __ lobe

Olfaction

• Makes strong connections with__ portion of __ lobe and __

Hippocampus

• Part of the limbic system located in __ aspect of __ lobe

Hippocampus

• Critically involved in many __ memory functions

• Huge role in?

• Active both in __ memories and __ of them.

• Also has significant contribution to understanding __ within the environment

Cingulate gyrus

• Located next to?

Cingulate gyrus

• Links __ with __

• Also associated with __ response to pain and regulation of __ behavior

Papez Circuit

Prefrontal cortex

• Sits anterior to?

Prefrontal cortex

• Critical to?

• Important for?

Prefrontal cortex

• Receives input form other areas of the ___, from the __ and from the __

Prefrontal cortex

• Damage to prefrontal areas produces difficulty with?

• Can be strongly affected by?

• Prefrontal cortex function is abnormal in?

PTSD

• Persistent __ response

Causes of PTSD

• Wide range of events that produce?

Prevalence of PTSD

• Most people adapt to a traumatic event in the ___ after the incident

• What gender is twice as likely to develop PTSD

Neuroanatomy and PTSD

• Prefrontal cortex

  • Dorsolateral function?

  • Ventrolateral function?

Neuroanatomy and PTSD

• Amygdala function

Neuroanatomy and PTSD

• Hippocampus

  • Back part:

  • Front part:

Neuroanatomy and PTSD

• Hippocampus function

Normal function of PFC

Stress Induced Changes

• Prefrontal cortex

Stress Induced Changes

• Amygdala

Stress Induced Changes

• Hippocampus

Neuroendocrine Changes in PTSD

• HPA - Under normal stress circumstances

  • __ signals pituitary gland (releases __)

  • Pituitary gland signals __  (releases__

  • __ releases cortisol

  • Body physiologically adapts to stressor

Neuroendocrine Changes in PTSD

• HPA - in people who suffer from PTSD

  • Alterations in __

  • __ cortisol levels & __ CRF levels

  • Results in maladaptive response to __ stimulus

Why low cortisol=PTSD

• Cortisol helps bring down?

• What is responsible for memory formation and arousal

Clinical Signs/Symptoms of PTSD

Diagnosing PTSD

• Must have all of the following for at least how long post-trauma?

• One __ sx? Two __ sx? Three __ sx?

Risk Factors for PTSD

Resilience Factors in PTSD

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Teaches?

Involves efforts to change?

EDMR - what is it?

Pharmacology for PTSD

• First line of tx?

• What has more side effects?

• What are not useful and may be harmful?

Rehabilitation and PTSD

• An __ has been shown to be the single most effective strategy for optimizing functional outcomes in PTSD/TBI population

• Promotes__ of neuronal connections in the injured nervous system

Enriched environment includes?

General Treatment Guidelines in PTSD for DPTs