Bio 213 Lab

Invertebrates

Animals without backbones

Simple digestion

digestion and absorption occur in single cavity

Complex

specialized regions for digestion and absorption, integration with circulatorysystem

crop

stores food (birds, worms)

gizzard

thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food

Dentition

Natural teeth in the dental arch

Ruminants

An animal, such as a cow or sheep, with an multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for storing cud and getting cellulase

Coprophagy

Feces travel back up hind gut to break down thru=ough fermentation. Rabbits use to break down cellulose

Tracheae

tiny tubes in insect body that deliver oxygen directly to metabolizing tissues

Cross current air system

Used by birds. Have a lung and two air sacs. Allows more O2 in.

Open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

Oviparous

egg laying

Viviparous

live birth

Spermatogenesis

production of sperm

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes in mammals.

Gonopod

First pair of swimmerets, small & used for holding eggs in females, larger in males & used for sperm transfer.

hemipenes

Split penis sound in snakes and lizards

Intermittent organ

transfers sperm for internal fertilization

claspers

modified pelvic fins on a male shark that allows for transfer of sperm to female

nictitating membrane

a thin, transparent, eyelid-like membrane that adds another layer of protection.

Mammary papillae

nipples found on the abdomen of BOTH males & females; in females, connect to mammary glands & supply milk to baby

genital papilla

The female's external genitalia. Covers the ureogentital opening

Masseter muscle function

Overlies lower jaw, regulates opening and closing

Salivary glands function

parotid, mandibular glands, secrete saliva

Saliva

Made of amylase (enzyme that breaks down food), water, mucous

Pharynx function

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Glottis function

Opening to the respiratory trachea

Epiglottis function

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

larynx function

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Trachea function

a large membranous air tube reinforced by C rings of cartilage, from larynx to the bronchi. Lines with cilia and goblet cells that secrete mucous and trap debris

Lungs function

3 left lobes, 4 right lobes (pigs)

Passage of air from lungs

Mouth/nose

Pharynx/larynx

Primary bronchus

Secondary bronchus

Tertiary bronchus

Bronchioles

Alveoli

diaphragm function

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Thymus Gland function

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

Thyroid Gland function

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Digestive system order

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

rugae

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

esophageal sphincter

muscle at the upper or lower end of the esophagus that prevents backflow

phyloric sphincter

a muscular ring at the end of the antrum allows partially digested food to move into small intestine

caecum

a blind pouch which forms at the junction of the small and large intestine; breaks down cellulose, homologous to appendix in the human

small intestines function

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of fats, proteins, carbs. Has villa for absorption

large intestine function

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

liver function

produces bile to break down fats in the small intestine

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

pancreas function

secretes trypsin to break down protein in the small intestine. Regulates glucose levels.

spleen function

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Pancreas

4

Stomach

7

small intestine

6

large intestine

5

gall bladder

3

liver

1

spleen

8

umbilical vein

2

masseter muscle

1

salivary glands

2

thyroid gland

2

thymus gland

1

larynx

1

esophagus

2

trachea

3

left lung

4

right lung

5

diaphragm

6

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary vein

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

foramen ovale

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

ductus arteriosus

connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs

coronary artery

The artery that supplies heart tissue with blood

vena cava

One of two large vessels (superior and inferior) that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.

subclavian artery

either of the arteries that carry blood into the arms

jugular vein

veins in the neck that return blood from the head

carotid artery

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.

femoral artery

the major artery supplying the leg

great saphenous vein

longest vein in the body, travels along medial leg; empties into the femoral vein

allantoic duct

takes urine from the fetus kidney to the placenta

order of excretory system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Kidney

Filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.

Nephron

functional unit of the kidney. Has small tubes to filter.

glomerulus

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place

adrenal gland

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress. triangle shape

adrenal medulla

Inner layer of medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

Ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

order of sperm production

testis, semiferous tubule, vans deferens, urethra

semaphores tubule

site of sperm production

vans deferens

duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

spermatic cord

bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

seminal vesicle

male organ that produces seminal fluid for sperm cells. Alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic vagina, nutrients, hormones, coagulating protein

prostate

a male gland that lies under the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra. Secretes fluids that facilitates capacity of sperm to fertilize sperm

bulbourethral glands

A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. Secretes alkaline fluid to clean and lubricate urethra prior to ejaculation

order of egg travel

ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina

oviduct

Fallopian tube; tube that carries eggs from an ovary to the uterus. Fertilization occurs

uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.