Forensic 1 Personal Identification

PERSONAL

Refers to anything belonging to an individual

IDENTIFICATION

Refers to the process of identifying someone or something

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Means of establishing the identity of a particular person

ASPERC OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

INDIVIDUALITY of a person → DETERMINE

COMPARISON → process of showing to be the same

ESTABLISHMENT→ of a particular person or thing

NATURE→ or supposed identity of a person or something

“RULES TO PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION”

LAW OF MULTICIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE

Greater the number of points of similarities

“SCIENTIFIC / MEDICO-LEGAL METHOD OF PERSON IDENTIFICATION”

ANTROPOMETRY (BERTILLON SYSTEM)

Utilize the body measurements as a means of identification

FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY/DENTISTRY

-Measures teeth structures

- last resource

- Until the age of about twenty five yrs old (nalalaman kung anong edad na kapag fully form na ang wisdom tooth)

STANDARD

The basis of comparison

HAIR

Oldest forms of physical evidence

To determine:

a.) human or animal

b.) what part of the body did it came from

BLOOD

-Spilled in the most crime involving violence

-it is best specimen for testing alcoholic

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

-recovery and analysis of the skeleton

-estimating sex, ancestry, age, and stature

-determination of biological sex through examination of the pelvis and cranium

-the pelvis is the most reliable indicator of sex

-birthcanal, in females the pelvic inlet is wider and more open than males

DNA/DNA FINGERPRINTING/PROFILING OR GENETIC FINGERPRINTING

-Identifying a person by means of molecules

-DNA has 4 chemical bases: ADENINE (A), GUANINE (G), CYTOSINE (C), THYMINE (T)

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING

A-T and C-G

“THE BIOLOGICAL HEIRARCHY”

CELL

-Basic unit of life or building blocks of all living things

-found in forensic samples (blood, skin, hair, semen)

NUCLEUS

-The control center or vault inside the cell

-it houses the dna

CHROMOSOMES

-Long, thread like or coiled structure of DNA

-it acts the filing system of the physical map used to navigate DNA

DNA

-double helix or twistes ladder

-contains gens or the hereditary material

GENES

Small section/ segments of DNA

-used to establish variation or uniqueness of base pairs or genetic code

-function/development of organs

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGHT POLYMORPHISM

Method in the Comparison of DNA

DNA ANALYSIS

DNA can be recovered from wide variety of biological resource like BLOOD, SEMEN, HAIR, SALIVA AND BONE

NUCLEIC ACID

The basic unit of DNA/RNA

FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

-gold standard fo personal identification

-most positive means of identification

“INTRODUCTION TO FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION”

DACTYLOGRAPHY

Process of recording fingerprints for identification purposes

DACTYLOSCOPY

Scientific of study of FINGERPRINTS

PODOSCOPY

Footprint identification

FRICTION SKIN

-Do not contain any form of hair, it contains RIDGE and FURROWS

-MOST POROUS part of the body

-Also Called PAPILLARY OR EPIDERMAL ridges

-Also called VOLAR SKIN →biologist

CHIROSCOPY

PALMPRINT identification

•HYPOTHENAR AREA - forms of arches, loops and circular ridges COLUMN IN TO LITTLE FINGER

•BASE AREA - LOCATED BELOW THE FINGERS, pure Deltas

• THENAR AREA - Arches, loops and circular ridges and LADDER MAY EXIST, COLUM INTO THUMB

POROSCOPY

Study of PORE STRUCTURE

INCIPIENT RIDGE

0 count ridge, thin and underdevelop ridge

RIDGE FORMATION

-Start around the FOURTH MONTH OF PREGNANCY

-Intrauterine life (sinapupunan)

-PERMANENT until decomposition of the body

RIDGE HYPOPLASIA

Not absent but are REDUCE IN HEIGHT RIDEGES

RIDGE APLASIA

COMPLETE ABSENCE OF FRICTION SKIN/RIDGES

RIDGE DYSPLASIA

DO NOT FUSE/CONNECT together to form continuously flowing

TWO (2) MAIN LAYERS OF THE SKIN

• The outer scarf - EPIDERMIS

• Inner scarf - DERMIS

Note: damage to the DERMIS will result to the PERMANENT ridge destruction Depth of more than 1MM

RIDGES

Elevated/hill

FURROWS

Canal like or depressed

DUCTS

Passage way

SWEAT PORES

Tiny opening where sweat is released

SWEAT GLAND

producer of sweat

AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS)

Computerized fingerprint identification

THREE (3) DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES FINGERPRINT SCIENCE

• Principle of INDIVIDUALITY (abosolutely unique, Variation, or Uniqueness)

• Principle of PERMANENCY (Never change, Constancy, Perenial, Immutable)

• Principle of INFALLIBILITY (Reliable for Identification)

“FINGERPRINT CHARACTERISTIC AND FORMATION”

3 GENERAL FAMILY (LAW)

• LOOPS - The most common 60%

• ARCHES - The least common 5%

• WHORLS - the second most common 35%

GALTON DETAIL/MINUTIAE

Small distinctive detail of formation of RIDGES

• ENDING RIDGES

• DIVERGENCE (TYPELINE)

• BIFURCATION

• EYELET

• ETC.

FOCAL POINTS

These point are called DELTA and CORE

DELTA

• Nearest to the CENTER OF THE DIVERGENCE

• OUTER TERMINUS

CORE

• CENTER OF THE FINGER

• INNER TERMINUS

PHALANGE

It is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin, it is made up of three bones.

BASAL OR PROXIMAL PHALANGE

Finger nearest the PALM

MIDDLE PHALANGE

Above the basal bone

TERMINAL PHALANGE

Tip of the finger

“RECORDING OF FINGERPRINT/LATENT PRINT IMPRESSION

FINGERPRINTING

Process of RECORDING FINGERPRINT through the USE OF FINGERPRINT INK

TWO TYPE OF IMPRESSION

ROLLED IMPRESSIONS - Fingers rolled from side to side in order

PLAIN OR FIXED IMPRESSIONS - Taken by simultaneously without rolling

CHANCE PRINT

Fingerprint which are imprinted by mere chance or WITHOUT any INTENTION

VISIBLE PRINTS (PATENT PRINTS)

• See with Naked eye

• Smeared with colored substance

• Recording by PHOTOGRAPHY

SEMI-VISIBLE PRINTS (PLASTIC PRINT)

• Visible depression on SOFT SURFACES ex. Gum

• Recording by Photography or Casting

INVISIBLE PRINT (LATENT PRINTS)

• The most common, Cannot be seen by the naked eye especially on paper

• Recording by DEVELOPMENT

DUSTING METHOD (non-porous)

• most conventional of recording

• By applying powder

• Gray powder, is used on dark colored surfaces, also mirror

• Black powder, should be applied to white or light

• On clear transparent, etheir GRAY or BLACK

IODINE METHOD (porous)

Yellowish brown against the background

NINHYDRIN METHOD (porous)

• Applied by means of SPRAYING or DIPPING

• color PURPLE

SILVER NITRATE METHOD (porous)

• applying 3% solution of dilver nitrate to the paper surface

• By exposure to light

CYANOACRYLATE FUMING/SUPERGLUE METHOD

A fuming chamber

PRIMARY DIVISION

All fingers, EVERY WHORLS

SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION

Capital for INDEX, small for LITTLE

SUB-SECONDARY

INDEX, MIDDLE, RING

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION

Both thumb

FINAL CLASSIFICATION

Little finger

FINAL CLASSIFICATION

Except little fingers