quiz 4 biol251 9/30

give the five living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye

bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, some animals

give the 3 nonliving things too small to be seen with the unaided eye

viruses, prions, viroids

what does bacteriology study

bacteria, archaea, and protists

what does mycology study

fungi

what does parasitology study

animals

what does virology study

viruses, prions, and viroids

what are the two fundamental types of cell

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

what is the single organism of domain archaea

archaeon

what is the single organism of domain bacteria

bacterium

what is the typical diameter of prokaryotic cells

1-10 um

what is the typical diameter of eukaryotic cells

10-100 um

what shape are bacillus bacterium

rod-shaped

what amount of diversity of shape exists among prokaryotic cells

low diversity

what do eukaryotic cells exhibit

high level of diversity of shape

what exists immediately outside all cells

an aqueous solution

what does water immediately outside cells provide

gas and nutrients

what is the prokaryotic ECM immersed in

extracellular fluid

what is the function of a prokaryotic ECM

three dimensional scaffold for a microbial community

define community

association of interacting populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time

what is the eukaryotic ECM

bundles of proteins and glycoproteins that are noncovalently bound to each other

wat is the eukaryotic ECM immersed in

interstitial fluid

what are the human water compartments

intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma

give the function of the eukaryotic ECM

three dimensional scaffold for tissue architecture

what structures are common to all cells

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton

give the three components of all biological membranes

two layers of phospholipids, proteins, and polysaccharides

what are the two faces of the plasma membrane

extracellular and cytoplasmic

what is a protein that runs through a membrane called

integral or intrinsic

what is a protein on the outside of a membrane called

peripheral or extrinsic

what are a cell membrane charge-wise

polarized

define voltage

energy that is the result of distance from a source of the electromagnetic interaction

what can voltage also be described as

electrical potential energy

what is the resting potential just inside a membrane

-70 mV

how far of either side of a membrane will charges accumulate

within 3 to 4 nanometers

what is the net charge in the bulk solution

0

what is the charge of the ECF near a membrane

positive

what charge is the cytoplasm near a membrane

negative

define cytoplasm

the liquid portion of the cell excluding the nucleus

where do most biochemical reactions take place

the cytoplasm

what will happen in a sufficiently dehydrated cytoplasm

biochemical reactions will cease

define chromatin

a general term for eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that is complexed with protein

what are ribosomes made of

rRNA and proteins

give the two sections of RNA

large ribosomal subunit and small ribosomal subunit

break down the protein distribution in prokaryotic RNA

31 in large subunit, 21 in small subunit

break down the protein distribution in eukaryotic RNA

50 in large subunit, 33 in small subunit

break down the rRNA distribution in prokaryotic RNA

23S/5S in large subunit, 16S in small subunit

break down the rRNA distribution in eukaryotic RNA

28S/5.8S/5S in large subunit, 18S in small subunit

what is domain V of 23S/28S rRNA

ribosomal peptidyl transferase

what is the primary function of all ribosomes

synthesize proteins

how is protein synthesized and where

one amino acid at a time by 23S/28S rRNA

what is the archaeal 50S subunit made of

23S rRNA, 5s rRNA, and proteins

what is the eukaryotic cytoskeleton made of

fibers of many protein molecules noncovalently attached to each other

what are the three structures in a cytoskeleton

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

what are the outer and inner diameters of a microtubule

25/15 nm

what composes microtubules

alpha and beta tubulin

what are 1,2,and 3 rings of microtubules called

singlet, doublet, and triplet

what functions are served by all macro world skeletons/cytoskeletons

structure, protection, support, and movement

do prokaryotic cells have cytoskeletons

yes

what order does tRNA go through sites in a ribosome

A,P, and E sites

how many ATP does connecting one amino acid to a chain take

4

what are the equivalents of tubulin in archaea and bacteria

archaea N/A, bacteria is Fts2

what are the equivalents of actin in archaea and bacteria

archaea is crenactin, bacteria is MreB

what are the equivalents of intermediate filaments in bacterial archaea

archaea N/A, bacteria is CreS

define cell wall

rigid yet flexible mesh that completely surrounds a cell

what are the layers of the cell wall

middle lamella, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall

give two functions of a cell wall

supports and protects cell

what is the cell wall made of

polysaccharides and proteins that are built by the cell itself

what are the majority of plant cell walls made of

polysaccharides, cellulose

what are the majority of fungal cell walls made of

polysaccharides, chitin

do protists have cell walls

some do

what are the majority of bacterial cell walls made of

polysaccharides, peptidoglycan

what are the majority of archaeal cell walls made of

polysaccharides, pseudomurein

what are slime layers and capsules made of

polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids

give 3 functions of slime layers/capsules

protection, attachment to surfaces, formation of biofilms

define slime layer

water soluble molecules that can diffuse into the surrounding medium with no clear boundary

define capsule

molecules that are not water soluble and tend to remain part of the capsule with a clear gel boundary

define plasmid

small circular molecule of dsDNA that usually includes at least one gene

what types of cells can have plasmids

prokaryotic, plant, and fungal

define organelle

a membrane bound structure inside of a cell

list 6 organelles

nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosome

what kinds of prokaryotic cells have organelles

photosynthetic bacteria

define nucleus

organelle that holds linear chromosome

where is there low hydrogen ion concentration in a mitochondrion

in the cristae

where is there high hydrogen ion concentration in a mitochondrion

inter-membrane space

give one function of the mitochondrion

transferring energy of electrons in glucose to electrons in ATP

give one function of the chloroplast

capturing light energy and storing it in electrons of electron and energy carrier molecules like NADPH and ATP

what captures light energy in chloroplasts

photosystem 1 and photosystem 2

define lumen

internal volume of a tubular structure

what is the structure of the ER

a single continuous membrane-bound network of tubes and cisternae that extends through most of the cytoplasm

give one function of the RER

intake, modification, and transport of newly synthesized proteins

what do lamins do

anchor chromatin to the nucleoplasmic face of the inner nuclear membrane

what is the structure of the golgi complex

linear arrangement of flattened vesicles

what is the function of the golgi complex

covalent modification and sorting of proteins

define the ERGIC

ER-golgi intermediate complex

what does the cis face of the golgi complex point to

the nucleus

what does the trans face of the golgi complex point to

plasma membrane

what does TGN stand for

trans golgi network

what are the layers of the golgi complex, inner to outer

ER, ERGIC, cis, medial, trans, TGN