growth and development

growth is the progressive ________ of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to _______, including the attendant increases in _____

development, maturity, size

changes in growth involve a ____________ of various parts of the body to perform different _______

differentiation, functions

the body doesn’t retain the same ________ throughout growth and the relative weights if given tissues and organs do not remain _______

proportions, constant

the brain at birth is about __% of its adult weight,neonatal body is only about _% of its adult weight

24, 6

radpid growth of brain continues, reaching __% of its adult weight at _years old, whereas body weight is only __% of adult weight

90, 5, 25

the ________ organs remain at less than 10% of their final weight until puberty

reproductive

5 stages of postnatal growth

neonatal period → infancy → childhood → adolescence → adulthood

neonatal period- _____ to end of ____ weeks

birth, four

infancy- end of ________ period (____ weeks) until ___ years old

neonatal, four, two

infancy is characterized by tremendous _____, increased ______, and _____ development

growth, coordination, mental

childhood, ________ to ___________, ______ begins

infancy, adolescence, puberty

the chronological duration of childhood varies because _____ begins at different ages for different people

puberty

childhood years are a period of relatively ____ growth until preadolescence when there is a growth _____

steady, spurt

adolescence- period of growth and development between _________ and __________

childhood, adulthood

adolescence begins around the age of __ in girls and the age of __ in boys

9,11

th end of adolescence is approximately __ to __ years, but its not clearly delineated

17,18

adulthood- period of life beyond _____________

adolescence

an adult has reached maximum physical stature as determined by ________, ___________, and _____________ factors

genetic, nutritional, environmental

2 types of growth curves

distance, velocity

distance curve: ____________ taken at intervals against ____

measurements, time

velocity curve: ____ against ____, shows ____ of growth

growth, time, rate

data for growth curves can be collected in ____________ data and _____ - _________ data

longitudinal, cross- sectional

longitudinal data: growth curve is derived from a ______ individual or from repeated measurements on the ____ group of individuals over a period of many _____

single, same, years

_____ - _________ data: measurements of made of several children in each age group, and these are then combined to form a cross sectional picture of the various age groups in the ______ at the time of the investigation

cross- sectional, community

growth is a ______ process, it doesn’t proceed by stops and starts

regular

from birth to maturity, the most important difference between boys and girls is in the ____ of maturity

rate

girls grow up _____ than boys

faster

girls reach 50% of their adult height at an earlier age ( ____ vs __ years), enter ____ earlier, and ____ growing earlier

1.75 vs 2, puberty, cease

half way through the fetal period, the skeleton is already _____ weeks more advanced in _____

three, girls

at birth, the difference is __ to __ weeks of maturation

4-6

at puberty, the difference is __ years

2

before the ______ ____ _____, there is little difference between the average of height of boys and girls

adolescent growth spurt

because the spurt begins earlier in ____, there is an age of approximately __ to __ years, at which girls become ___ and ___ than boys of the same age. THis balance is redressed by age __

girls, 9-10, taller, heavier, 14

the mean growth takeoff age (the onset of ___ ______) in children in North America growing at an average rate is approximately _____ year in girls, _____ years in boys

growth acceleration, 9+!, 11+1.5

during the spurt, boys gain about ___cm in height, while girls gain about — cm in height, mostly growth of the _____

20, 16, trunk

the standard deviation for age at peak height velocity is slightly less than _ year

1

peak height velocity in boys

13.5 years

peak height velocity in girls

11.5 years

the peak height velocity may occur as much as __ years earlier or later than the average within each sex, a __ year difference in the event between an early maturing girl and late maturing boy is quite possible

2, 6

the peak height velocity is highest in _____- maturing children and lowest in ____- maturing children

early, late

the conclusion of growth spurt is followed by a rapid ____ of growth

slowing

in USA cross sectional studies, boys with a mean takeoff age of __ years reached their final heights by __ to __ years of age, and girls with a mean takeoff age of __ years reached their final heights by __ to __ years of age

11, 17 to 18, 9 , 14 to 15

however, there is a wide variation around these means: plus or minus __ years

2

boys end up being _____ than girls because they have __ more years of growth before the growth spurt

taller, 2

during these 2 extra years of prepubertal growth in boys, the ___ are growing relatively faster than the ____, peak growth rate is also a bit ____ on average

legs, trunk, higher

if measurements from several children are combined on the same graph, the adolescent spurt is _______ _____ and becomes less ______ because the spurt ocurs at different times in different children

smoothed out, dramatic

weight of ovum → birth:_x 10^ _ fold increase

3, 9

birth → maturity (20 years): __ fold increase

20

birth. → 2 years; __ fold increase, then steady increase of __ to __ kg per year until growth spurt

4, 2 to 3 kg

during growth spurt, boys may add __kg to their weight, and girls __ kg

20, 16

the peak velocity for the spurt in _____ lags behind the peak velocity for ______ by about _ months: child ______ up and _____ out later

weight, height, 3, shoots, fills

osteoporosis: a condition of bones where they become thin and brittle due to decreased _____ content, which makes them susceptible to ____

mineral, fracture

for all bone sites in both boys and girls, peak velocity in bone mineral content occurs approximately __ year after peak height velocity

1

there could be a transient period of relatively long bone ______ during the adolescent _____ _____, resulting in an increased ____ risk following peak height velocity

weakening, growth spurt, fracture

the need for _____ during peak linear growth is substantial

calcium

and adequate level of vitamin __ in the body is also important: effects of ______ and ____

D, sunshine and diet

vitamin D ____ is not uncommon among ____ and _____ in canada, particularly during the dark seasons of the year

deficiency, children, adolescents

as much as bone mineral will be laid down during the ___ ______ years surrounding peak height velocity as most people lose mineralization during all of adult life

4 adolescent

peak bone mineral density of the ______ spine and ___ is achieved in the early to late twenties

lumbar, hip

adolescence is a critical time for bone mineral _________

accumulation

more than __% of adult bone mineral is present by the end of _____ maturation and any gains in bone mass after growth has ceased are _____

90, skeletal, minimal

__% of variability in bone mass in the elderly can be accounted for by peak skeletal mass attained during years of ____ and _____

50, growth, maturation

therefore, the prevention of ________ depends not only on reducing the rate of bone loss during ____ life, but also on the ______ of bone mineral accrual during the ____ years

osteoporosis, adult, maximization, growing

the relationship between one part and another of the growing body is not a _____ one, but changes with ___

consistent, age

infants have ____ heads: rati oof head height to total height equals __ in the infant, ___ in the adult

large, 1:4, 1:7.5

____ limbs are much less well developed at birth than ____ limbs: ratio of leg length to total height equals ___ in infant, ___ in adult

lower, upper, 1:3, 1:2

at all ages the dimensions of the ____ are in advance of those of the _____, and at all ages more ______ parts of the limbs are in advance of the more ____ parts: ____ → _____ → ______

head, trunk, peripheral, central, foot → calf → thigh

in the later stages of adolescent spurt, there is ____ of growth rather than _____

laterality, linearity

the bones of face grow faster than those of the ____ vault: at adolescence the face emerges from underneath the ____

cranial, skull

puberty: period at which the ____, ______ ______, and _____ ____ ior the _____, ___ and _____ suddenly enlarge

testes, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, or breasts, uterus, vagina

puberty is the time of _____ sex differentiation since the early intrauterine months: sexual _______

greatest, dimorphism

there are changes in reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, in body size and ____, and in relative _______ of muscle, fat, and bone

shape, proportions

menarche: onset of ______, occurs relatively ____ in puberty, when the _____ velocity is falling

menstruation, late, height

the average age of menarche occurrence in North America is ____ to ___ years with a standard deviation of plus or minus __ year

12.2 to 13, 1

the 95% range is ___ to ___ years

11 to 15

the development of mature ___ follows menarche by as much as __ years, therefore puberty is not complete in females until ____ ____ has been attained

ova, 2, sexual maturity

According to a North American study of 17,077 girls, puberty begins on average at age __ to __, however, puberty starts much earlier, a very small percentage of girls begin by the age of __

9 to 10, 3

the _______ age of a child is an unreliable guide since children mature at very different rates and measurements of height and weight are only partially useful

chronological

list 5 indices of maturity:

1. ____________ (skeletal) age

2. ______ age

3. ______ curves

4. ______ age

5. ______ age

radiological, dental, growth, sexual, neural

during growth, every bone goes through a series of changes whcih can be recorded _______

radiographically

the times of appearance of primary and secondary enters of ossification can be observed and the progressive enlargement of the ossified portion of an _____ can be followed in detail

epiphysis

the ______ examination allows one to determine how far the skull of a child has progressed toward the adult condition

radiological

the ____ and _____ are most commonly used for this purpose because in this reigion there is a large number of centres of ossification

wrist and hand

at every chronological age up to full maturity, the radiological age of girls is in ______ of that of boys by a factor of about __ % or more

advance, 20

the _____ dentition erupts form 6 months to __ years of age and can be used during that period

deciduous, 2

the _____ dentition provides a measure from 6 to __ years of age

permanent, 13

are skeletal maturity and dental maturity closely related in the individual?

no

the timing of the peak ____ velocity and the peak ____ velocity are useful maturity indicators (growth curves)

height, weight

the _______ ___ characteristics can be used as a method of rating maturational development (sexual age)

secondary sex

for indices of maturity regarding sexual age, ratings can be made of stages in _____ ____ development, stages in _____ development, and stages of ______ development

pubic hair, breast, genital

sexual age indicators have limited applicability over the growth span, in contrast to ______ maturation, which can be monitored from infancy to young adulthood

skeletal

the _____ stages of sexual maturity are used as the universal standard for classifying sexual maturity

tanner

the age which _________ occurs is an important indicator of maturation status in females

menarche

menarche is more closeley related to _______ age (12-14.5) than to _______ age (10-16)

radiological, chronological

in spite of the large size of the _____ _____ system at birth, much of it is incompletely functional and requires considerable time to develop to the stage at which it can be fully utilized

central nervous

girls are ahead of boys throughout the phase of ______ and ______ development

motor and sensory

on the average girls learn to: ____ earlier, control their _______ earlier, are ahead in the use of understanding of ______, are first in development of skills which need fine ________ and _______ such as tying shoes

walk, bladders, speech, movements, coordination

5 types of skeletal development:

1. _______ children

2. early maturers: ____ in childhood but not as adults

3. early maturers and genetically ____

4. late maturers: _____ in childhood and _______ as adults

5. late maturers and genetically _____

average, tall, short, short average, short

there is good evidence that in european and north american school systems, children who are physically advanced towards maturity, score on average, slightly higher on most tests of ____ ability than the children of the same age who are less physically mature

mental

it is very likely that mental and psychological development are much more closely related with radiological age than with _____________ age

chronological