unit 3 all combined

unicellular OR multi-cellular

fungi & algae

ALWAYS unicellular

protozoa

ALWAYS multicellular

Helminths (have unicellular egg or larval forms)

haploid AND diploid forms

chromosomal count in fungi

asexual

type of reproduction by budding or mitosis

1 parent - exact copy

favorable conditions

sexual

type of reproduction involving meiosis

requires the joining of two sex haploid cells

introduces genetic variability

harsh conditions

saprophytes/saprobes

heterotrophic fungi

feed on dead and decaying organisms

mold form

parasitic

living at the expense of another

fungi absorb nutrients from living tissue

yeast form in host

absorption

fungi release digestion enzyme into the environment and then feed by ___________.

chitin

found in many fungal cell walls

and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

target for anti-fungal medications

ergosterol

main sterol in fungal membranes - NOT cholesterol like animals

target for anti-fungal medications

spores or conidia (same thing)

reproductive structure of fungi

formed by either an asexual or sexual process.

yeast

unicellular fungi

round or oval

reproduce by budding

mold

multi-cellular fungi

filamentous = thread like

dimorphic

fungi that can occur as a yeast or mold

yeast, molds, mushrooms, puff balls, morels

examples of fungi

ubiquitous

FUNGI - present or existing everywhere

habitats of fungi

higher osmotic pressure (salts & sugars)

wider range of pH (more acid tolerant)

broad temperatures - survive below freezing & through pasteurization

Sabourauds or mycological agar

selects for fungi and against bacteria by:

1. acidic

2. antibiotics

4. high dextrose (sugar)

dark, warm & moist

how fungi like it on the body

plants

group most parasitized by fungi

few

number of fungal infections of humans

mycology

study of fungi

hypha or hyphae (pl.)

thread or tubules of fungal cells

mycelium or mycelia

fuzzy mass of hyphae

growth progression

spore to hypha to mycelium

septate

hyphae with cross walls

non-septate

hyphae without septa (walls)

vegetative

type of hyphae in a mycelium

reproductive or aerial

type hyphae or stalk supporting a sporangium or a conidium

sporangiospores

spores formed within a sac-like head

conidiospores (conidia)

free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

haploid

ALL fungal spores

for reproduction

mycorrhizas

symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots

natural bio-fertilizers - fix nitrogen

LSD and psilocybin

hallucinogens from fungi

used to treat migraines and depression

positive benefits of fungi

decomposers

antibiotics

food production: beer wine & cheese

food: mushrooms & morels

mycorrhizas

negative affects of fungi

FOOD SPOILERS

plant & animal parasites

structural damage

hypersensitivities to fungi

allergies

asthma

eczema

mycoses

fungal infections

endemic & primary infections

histoplasmosis - Spelunker's disease

coccidioidomycosis - Valley Fever

histoplasmosis

Spelunker's disease (cavers)

respiratory disease

inhalation of spores

thrives in bird & bat droppings

endemic Eastern & Central U.S.

coccidioidomycosis

Valley Fever

respiratory disease - Flu-like and rash

inhalation of spores from dust & soil

endemic SW United States

determines extent of fungal infections

1. number of spores inhaled

2. health status of host (immunocompromised, disrupted microbiota or in hospital care facility)

aspergillosis

opportunistic respiratory disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus

opportunistic infections

aspergillosis

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Cryptococcosis or cryptococcal meningitis

Candidiasis - thrush

dermatophytes

fungi that causes skin, hair, and nail infections

Aspergillus

can form fungus balls in nasal cavities, sinuses and lungs

primary infection

acute infection that causes the initial illness

healthy people

endemic infection (definition)

More common in one geographic area than elsewhere -or- continuous transmission within a population

PCP - pneumocystis pneumonia

a type of pneumonia most associated with AIDS

Pneumocystis jiroveci

a fungus causing severe pneumonia in AIDS patients not on prophylaxis treatment

Cryptococcus neoformans

fungus that causes respiratory infection that can spread to CNS central nervous system

Cryptococcus neoformans

causes meningitis

tinea corporis

ringworm of the body

tinea capitis

ringworm of the scalp

tinea pedis

fungal infection of the foot; athlete's foot

tinea cruris

ringworm of the groin; jock-itch

tinea unguium (onychomycosis)

fungal infection of the nails

aflatoxin

carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus

causes liver cancer

ergotamine or ergot

toxin from fungus Claviceps purpurea with a fun history

ergotamine or ergot

toxin from rye mold causing hallucinations, gas gangrene & convulsions

ergotamine or ergot

fungal toxin used to treat migraines

amatoxin

deadly toxin from death cap mushroom

permanent kidney, liver damage & DEATH

psilocybin

hallucinogenic drug derived from a variety of mushrooms - "magic mushrooms"

psilocybin

hallucingenic drug used to treat depression

tinea

infection of the skin caused by a fungus

means "ring worm"

ergotism

St. Anthony's Fire - caused by eating fungal infected rye or grain

tinea versicolor

yeast Malassezia interferes with the normal pigmentation of the skin

Rose Gardener's Disease (sporotrichosis)

fungal wound infection

painless nodules, ulcerate/open spread in sequence

caused by Sporothrix schenckii

What fungi cause

hypersensitivities

superficial cutaneous mycoses

pneumonia

meningitis

wound infection

poisoning by ingested toxins

Histoplasma capsulatum

dimorphic fungus causes Spelunker's disease

endemic to Eastern & Central U.S.

LSD (acid)

synthetic version of ergotamine or ergot

-used to treat migraines

Sporothrix schenckii

causes rose gardener's disease

d-glucan & galactomannan

fungal wall polysaccharides used as biomarkers for diagnostic tests

sporotrichosis

another name for rose gardener's disease

reservoir for almost all fungal diseases

environment - dirt, dust, decaying plants

groups of parasites

-protozoa

-heminths

unicellular parasites

protozoa

multicellular worm parasites

helminths

acellular parasites

viruses

algae

photoautotrophic protists

fungus-like protists

slime molds and water molds

disease caused by algae

1. red tide - irritation skin and lungs

2. paralytic shellfish poisoning

red tide & paralytic shellfish poisoning

caused by dinoflagellate (algae) NEUROTOXIN - brevetoxin

dinoflagellate

algae that cause red tide & paralytic shellfish poisoning

characteristics of protists

1. unicellular eukaryote

2. ingestive heterotrophic

3. NO cellulose or chitin cell walls in active stage

habitat of protists

-MOST aquatic

-also soil or on plants & animals

roles of protozoa

1. decomposers

2. parasitic

3. zooplankton

zooplankton

-Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa

-important part of food chain

phytoplankton

photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean

trophozoite stage

active, motile, feeding stage of protozoa

cyst stage

-dormant or resting form of protozoa

-for survival in harsh environment

cyst stage

often infective or transferrred stage

schizogony (multiple fission)

-asexual reproduction in some protozoans

-multiple nuclear divisions before cytokinesis

definitive

host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place

intermediate

host for immature or developmental stages of a parasite

-asexual or no reproduction

vector

agent carries & transmits infectious parasite into another living organism

vector

arthropods in parasitic life cycles are often these

transmission protozoan GI diseases

-fecal-oral route

-vehicle: water or food

symptoms protozoan GI diseases

-indigestion to dysentery

-acute or chronic diarrhea