Ch 1: Cellular Adaptations & Damage

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• No change at all

Normal cells

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• Decrease in the size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass

Atrophy

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• Increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass

Hyperplasia

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• Cells that vary in size and shape

Dysplasia

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• Increase in the size of cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass

Hypertrophy

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Metaplasia

Which cellular adaptation is this:

• Commonly called a tumor

• Two types: benign and malignant

Neoplasia

Programmed cell death, may increase when cell numbers are excessive or cells are injured or aged.

Apoptosis

Refers to the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event.

Necrosis

A decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, owing to circulatory obstruction.

Ischemia

Reduced oxygen in the tissue

Hypoxia

Absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Chemicals outside the body or organism.

Exogenous

Chemicals within the body or organism.

Endogenous

Results in the lysis or dissolution of the cell, releasing destructive lysosomal enzymes into the tissue, which cause inflammation as well as damage and reduced function in cells

Pyroptosis

Structural changes occur in the nucleus and the cell as well.

Morphologic

Refers to dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes.

Liquefaction necrosis

Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured, and the cells retain some form for a time after death.

Coagulative necrosis

Occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes.

Fat necrosis

A form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, “ cheesy” substance forms.

Caseous necrosis

An area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen.

Infarction

An area of necrotic tissue, usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria.

Gangrene