E2 Ch6 integumentary system

cutaneous membrane is another name for what?

skin

stratified squamous epithelium makes up what layer of the integument?

epidermis

areolar and dense irregular connective tissue makes up what layer of the integument?

dermis

alveolar and adipose connective tissue make up what layer of the integument

subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

is the subcutaneous layer/hypodermis part of the integumentary system?

no

what are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

which layers of the epidermis have living keratinocytes (3)?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum

what cells are found in all layers and synthesize keratin?

keratinocytes

what cells produce and store melanin, and transfer melanosomes into keratinocytes in response to ultraviolet light?

melanocytes

what cells are few in number, and release chemicals or stimulate sensory nerve endings when compressed?

tactile cells

what cells initiate immune response in stratum spinosum and granulosum?

epidermal dendritic cells

what layer of skin is only found on thick skin on palms and soles?

stratum lucidum

what is the translucent protein that fills the cells of the stratum lucidum?

eleidin

what layer of skin has 20-30 layers of dead anucleate keratinized cells?

stratum corneum

what layer of skin has stem cells in it?

stratum basale

what type of skin contains all five layers, has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands?

thick skin

what type of skin lacks a stratum lucidum, has sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebacious glands, and covers most of body?

thin skin

what three things determine skin color?

hemoglobin, melanin, carotene

what kind of melanin produces darker shades?

eumelanin

what kind of melanin produces lighter shades?

pheomelanin

what are localized overgrowths of melanocytes (moles)?

nevus

what are localized areas of increased melanocyte activity?

freckles

what are large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis (fingerprints)?

friction ridges

what are the two layers of the dermis, from deep to superficial?

reticular layer, papillary layer

what are the projections of the dermis called?

dermal papillae

what are tension lines in the skin, that incisions parallel to heal more quickly?

lines of cleavage

what are stretch marks called?

striae

what layer of skin are tattoos injected into?

dermis

what are the functions of integument (8)?

protection, prevention of water loss/gain, vitamin D synthesis, excretion, absorption, temperature regulation, immune function, sensory reception

what increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from diet and regulates blood calcium levels?

calcitriol

what do your blood vessels do to conserve and release heat?

vasoconstrict, vasodilate

what is the distal whiteish part of your nail without underlying capillaries called?

free edge

what is the pinkish part of your nail with underlying capillaries called?

nail body

what is the part of your nail embedded in skin called?

nail root

what is the skin under the nail body called?

nail bed

what does the free edge, nail body, and nail root make up?

nail plate

what is the actively growing part of your nail called?

nail matrix

what is the whitish semilunar area on proximal end of nail body called?

lanula

what are the folds of skin overlapping nail called?

nail folds

what is the cuticle called?

eponychium

what is the thickened area of skin over which free nail edge projects called?

hyponychium

what is the swelling at base where hair originates in dermis?

hair bulb

what is the zone of hair from bulb to skin surface?

root

what is the portion of hair beyond skin surface called?

shaft

what is the structure at the base of the hair bulb where cells divide and are pushed to surface called?

hair matrix

what is the flexible soft keratin that is a remnant of the hair matrix called?

medulla

what are the hard flattened cells closer to hair outer surface called?

cortex

what are the single layer of cells outside the hair cortex called?

cuticle

what is the tube that surrounds hair root called?

hair follicle

what thin ribbons of smooth muscle attach to hair and cause goosebumps

erector pilli

what are the four functions of hair?

protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification

what are the three phases of hair growth cycle?

anagen, catagen, telogen

what is the active phase of hair growth?

anagen

what is the brief regression period where cell division stops in hair growth?

catagen

what is the resting phase where hair is usually shed called?

telogen

what are the two glands of skin?

sweat, sebacious

what sweat glands produce sweat?

merocrine

what sweat glands produce excretions into hair follicles after puberty?

apocrine

what is the lubricant, bactericidal, oily substance discharged into hair follicle by called, and what glands produce it?

sebum, sebacious glands

what is earwax called, and what glands excrete it?

cerumen, ceruminous glands

what glands produce breast milk?

mammary glands

what is tissue repair where the cells are replaced with same cells and organ function is restored called?

regeneration

what is tissue repair where the cells are replaced by scar tissue called?

fibrosis

what are the 4 stages of wound healing?

1. bleeding

2. blood clotting, wound cleaning

3. blood vessels regrow, granulation tissue forms

4. regeneration/fibrosis

what is removal of burned skin called?

debridement