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first inauguration of george washington

event which was the first to be held under America’s new Constitution, happening on April 30, 1789, though the president’s term officially began on March 4 (and Vice President John Adams was inaugurated on April 21).

federal hall

place where george washington was inaugurated in new york city, which at the time was serving as America’s capital.

robert livingston

chancellor of New York and co-author of the Declaration of Independence who inaugurated george washington

george washington

man who, at his first inauguration, claimed “no event could have filled me with greater anxieties” than assuming the presidency, and described how he was “summoned by my country” from “a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection.”

inauguration of john adams

event which took place on March 4 at Congress Hall in the then-current national capital, Philadelphia, as work on the new national capital at Washington, D.C. was not yet complete. (he became the first president to live in the White House in 1800).

oliver ellsworth

chief justice who swore in john adams as president, making him the first president to be sworn in by the chief justice. The transfer of power from was the first peaceful transition from living to succeeding in over 70 years.

john adams

man, who in his inauguration, noted that he first read the new Constitution while in a foreign country, and praised it as the “result of good heads prompted by good hearts.”

inauguration of william henry harrison

occurred on March 4, 1841 after defeating Martin Van Buren in the election of 1840. at it, he delivered an 8,000-plus-word speech that lasted two hours.

william henry harrison

man whose death on April 4, exactly one month after his inauguration, kicked off a constitutional crisis, as it was unclear whether his vice president, John Tyler, would succeed him by actually becoming the president or merely serving as the “acting president.”

pneumonia

supposed cause of death for william henry harrison as he delivered his long inaugural speech without wearing a coat; it is far more likely, however, that he died of misdiagnosed typhoid and poor medical treatment.

second inauguration of abraham lincoln

took place a little over one month before the president’s assassination. his inaugural address is among the most quoted pieces of American oratory.

abraham lincoln

president whose second inaugural address noted that the Union and the Confederacy “[b]oth read the same Bible, and pray to the same God,” and stated “With malice toward none; with charity for all . . . let us strive on to finish the work we are in;

john wilkes booth

is believed by scholars to have been pictured looking down at abraham lincoln during his second inaugural address

first inauguration of franklin d roosevelt

took place in the midst of the Great Depression. he opened his address by proclaiming his “firm belief” that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

the only thing we have to fear is fear himself

quote given during the first inaugural address of franklin d roosevelt, which continues: “nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.”

franklin d roosevelt

president who, during his first inaugural address, declared that “[o]ur greatest primary task is to put people to work,” and requested from Congress “broad Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.”

march 4

old date used to inaugurate presidents. the first inauguration of FDR occured on this date; Roosevelt was inaugurated for his second term on January 20, 1937, per the Twentieth Amendment.

inauguration of john f kennedy

was the first presidential inauguration to be broadcast live in color. In his inaugural address, he noted that “few generations” are tasked with “defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.” he then stated “ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.”

john f kennedy

president who, in his first presidential inauguration, stated that he “welcome[d]” defending freedom, and that “[t]he energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.”

robert frost

poet who recited his poem “The Gift Outright” during the first inauguration of jfk, making Frost the first poet to participate in an inauguration; Frost also wrote a new poem to read, but was unable to do so in the bright sun of the day.

first inauguration of ronald reagan

was the first in nearly 150 years to take place on the west side of the Capitol, so that he faced the National Mall as he was sworn in.

iran hostage crisis

event whose release of the 52 Americans who were held for 444 days coincided with ronald reagan’s first inauguration

ronald reagan

president who, in his first inaugural address, noted that while in U.S. history, the “orderly transfer of authority” in an inauguration was “a commonplace occurrence,” that “[i]n the eyes of many in the world, this every-4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing less than a miracle.”

martin treptow

American soldier who was killed during World War I that ronald reagan quoted at the end of his first inaugural address. The inauguration set a record for television viewership (approximately 42 million) that stands to this day.

first inauguration of barack obama

set a record for in-person attendance at any presidential inauguration.

john roberts

chief justice who made a mistake in the words of the oath of office while first swearing obama in, and Obama accidentally spoke over him at one point. he re-administered the oath of office to Obama the next day.

george w bush

man who seemed to have been rebuked in the first inauguration of obama; in his speech, Obama noted “we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals.”

john williams

film composer whose quartet “Air and Simple Gifts” was featured in the first inauguration of obama. it was actually mimed to an earlier taped recording as there were concerns about the instruments remaining in tune on the cold January day.

first inauguration of donald trump

aroused a great deal of controversy due to the Trump administration’s claims about attendance numbers.

sean spicer

press secretary of the first trump administration who cited false Washington Metro ridership numbers to attempt to show that more people attended Trump’s inauguration than Obama’s

kellyanne conway

political counselor to donald trump who later described numbers stating that more people attended trump’s inauguration than obama’s as “alternative facts.”

donald trump

man who, during his first inaugural address, described poverty, crime, gangs, and drugs as “American carnage” and invoked the World War II-era isolationist group by stating “from this day forward, it’s going to be only America first.”

women’s march on washington

event which took place the day after the first inauguration of donald trump, involved over 400,000 people, and protested Trump’s misogynist and offensive behavior.

inauguration of joe biden

had extremely limited in-person attendance due to the COVID-19 pandemic; a “field of flags” was set up on the National Mall in lieu of spectators.

joe biden

became the oldest person to ever be president when he was sworn in at 78 years old. His vice president, Kamala Harris, also made history as the first woman and first person of color to hold the vice presidency.

january 6 riots

event that happened two weeks before the inauguration of joe biden. in his address, Biden proclaimed “at this hour, my friends, democracy has prevailed,” before calling on Americans to “end this uncivil war that pits red against blue, rural versus urban, conservative versus liberal.”

amanda gorman

22-year-old Youth Poet Laureate who read her poem “The Hill We Climb” during the first inauguration of joe biden

john dryden

poet and playwright by trade who was the first to translate the Aeneid into English proper (a Scots version by Gavin Douglas appeared in 1513).

the aeneid

work by virgil whose translation by john dryden was written in verse, a feat not done by any major English translation since, largely because Latin’s extreme grammatical economy cannot be rendered compactly in English.

arms and the man

play by george bernard shaw that borrowed its title from the Aeneid’s opening line: “Arms, and the man I sing,” translated by john dryden. Dryden’s translation frequently expands passages so he can convey their precise meaning.

beowulf

work whose translation by seamus heaney was affectionately called the “Heaney____.” Heaney dedicated this translation to poet Ted Hughes.

alliterative verse

type of verse in which the second half of each line uses alliteration to link it to the first half. Heaney, an acclaimed Irish poet himself, made the decision early on to render his translation of beowulf in this form as the original had it

hwaet

first word in beowulf which is often typically rendered as “hark” or “listen,” though Seamus Heaney unconventionally chose “So!” as his rendering

jrr tolkien

author whose translation of Beowulf is in prose, not verse, and is often regarded as sacrificing ease-of-reading in the name of a truer and more faithful translation into modern English.

lo

translation of “hwaet” by jrr tolkien in his version of beowulf, as Tolkien was a devoted scholar of Old English. Tolkien’s translation is done not through a poetic lens but a linguistic one

sellic spell

freer, inexact folktale version of beowulf, an adaptation of beowulf’s first 2000 lines by jrr tolkien

beowulf: the monsters and the critics

1936 lecture by jrr tolkien which revived interest in the title poem as a beautiful poem rather than as a historical text. Print versions of Tolkien’s translation often include this

charles baudelaire

man whose translations of the works of Edgar Allan Poe—rendered by him as “Edgar Poe”—are the authoritative version of Poe’s works in French; thanks to these translations, in the 19th century, Poe was viewed much more highly by Europeans than by Americans.

edgar allen poe

author who had lots of his works translated into french by charles baudelaire, though baudelaire wrote a letter confessing “I wasted a great deal of time translating ___ and all I gained was that some people accused me of taking my poems from ___.”

rubaiyat

poem by omar khayyam whose translation by edward fitzgerald was incredibly popular. however, they were incredibly loose: scholars believe that some of the quatrains may be total inventions of FitzGerald.

edward fitzgerald

author whose translations of the rubaiyat, revised five times until 1889, present a view of the Middle East as an exotic land of sensual (but refined) pleasures and emphasize Khayyám’s irreligious worldview, which was very pleasing to Victorian tastes.

the moving finger

book by agatha christie that took its title from Edward FitzGerald’s translation of the Rubáiyát. Similarly, Eugene O’Neill’s play Ah, Wilderness! also did this

william tyndale

man whose translation of the Old and New Testaments were the first complete English versions published by printing press, and were the first to use original Hebrew and Greek sources

vulgate

the only biblical translation with Catholic approval which was in latin. william tyndale’s translation of the bible was he first to use original Hebrew and Greek sources rather than drawing from this

cologne

city that was the site for the printing of Tyndale’s New Testament in 1525 (even in England, his work was deemed heretical).

the bible

work whose translation by william tyndale coined countless popular phrases, including “the powers that be,” “the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak,” “am I my brother’s keeper?”, and “the salt of the earth.”

matthew bible

1537 work which cobbled together william tyndale’s unfinished work on translating the bible as he was arrested and killed before he could finish his work on the Old Testament

king james bible

translation of the bible that drew major inspiration from Tyndale’s translations of the bible; modern scholars estimate at least 75% of this work is Tyndale’s.

george chapman

translator whose translations of Homer’s two great epics, published as The Whole Works of Homer, were the first in English and remained the definitive English version for centuries, rivaled only perhaps by Alexander Pope’s 1715 translations.

the whole works of homer

translation of iliad and odyssey into english by george chapman. he found it too difficult to fit his translation into the original Greek dactylic hexameter, and thus wrote his Iliad in iambic pentameter and his Odyssey in iambic hexameter.

achilles’ baneful wrath resound

quote from chapman’s translation of the Iliad’s opening invocation of the muses. Chapman’s translation, noted for its vivid beauty, was celebrated in John Keats’s 1816 poem “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer.”

arthur waley

specialist in East Asian literature who translated Lady Murasaki’s The Tale of Genji beginning in 1925, and two decades later he published his translation of the Chinese novel Journey to the West under the title Monkey.

sun wukong

ape-like character in journey to the west who was translated by arthur waley as “monkey.” it is one of several Westernized names Waley assigned to the novel’s characters

journey to the west

book by wu cheng’en whose translation by arthur waley saw most of its characters’ names get westernized: the Buddhist monk Tang Sanzang is given the more Sanskrit name “Tripitaka”; the hog-like Zhu Bajie is renamed “Pigsy”; and Sha Wujing is renamed “Sandy.”

a folktale of china

subtitle to the translation of journey to the west by arthur waley. he edited out or abridged many minor episodes to emphasize the humor in the novel, which, in its original form, contains many diversions with deep allegorical and philosophical meaning.

constance garnett

woman who learned Russian from the exiled Russian revolutionaries Feliks Volkhovsky and Sergey Stepnyak. her translations introduced the English-speaking world to Dostoyevsky and Chekhov

sergey stepnyak

russian revolutionary who taught constance garnett russian, and was influential in the publication of her first translations.

leo tolstoy

author who had constance garnett create—for the time—authoritative editions of his near-complete works alongside Ivan Turgenyev. Garnett’s late-Victorian translations have drawn a fair amount of modern criticism

joseph brodsky

critic who notably accused constance garnett of being “the reason English-speaking readers can barely tell the difference between Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky””—her work was instrumental in popularizing Russian literature

richard burton

an explorer and polymath who collected and translated stories from the Arabian Nights for many years before finally producing a collected edition—published as The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night—in 1885.

the book of the thousand nights and a night

translation of one thousand and one nights by richard burton. The most notable feature of Burton’s translation is that he did not censor or cut any of the sexually explicit content in the stories

one thousand and one nights

work whose translation by richard burton was at first only published privately by the Kama Shastra Society, which Burton co-founded with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot due to the morals of Victorian society

kama sutra

work that was also translated by Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot and Richard Burton, the latter of which translated One Thousand and One Nights into English

ivan pavlov

was among the first to study the ways in which unrelated unconditioned and neutral stimuli could be linked together through repetition to produce a conditioned response

1904

year in which ivan pavlov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) by studying the digestive tracts of dogs.

psychic secretion

the effect studied by ivan pavlov when he noticed that his canine subjects began to salivate as soon as they saw the lab assistant who normally fed them

metronome

instrument used by ivan pavlov in his experiment in which dogs heard a sound and were then presented with food. With repetition, the dogs began to salivate over hearing the sound over and over again

little albert experiment

carried out by psychologist John Watson, with assistance from Rosalie Rayner, to test if it was possible to intentionally condition fear in an otherwise normal child.

albert

infant test subject in its namesake experiment. it was exposed to numerous white, fluffy stimuli, such as a rat, a rabbit, and wool to no fear responses. one of these subjects may have been born with serious cognitive impairment

rat

animal in the little albert experiment presented to the infant. whenever it was presented, a bar was banged with a hammer to create a loud, scary noise whenever the infant interacted with this animal.

santa claus mask

object used in the little albert experiment which albert reacted with distress to, as with any white stimuli after a white rat was presented to them with loud and scary banging noises

skinner box

was an apparatus developed to explore the effects of operant conditioning, in which a behavior may be increased or decreased through the use of reinforcement or punishment, respectively.

operant conditioning

type of conditioning in which a behavior may be increased or decreased through the use of reinforcement or punishment, respectively

bf skinner

psychologist who made his namesake box during his time as a graduate student at Harvard to explore the effects of operant conditioning

edward thorndike

man who made the puzzle box, which inspired the design of the skinner box. The most basic Skinner box consists of a small chamber, into which an animal is introduced, and a lever

manipulandum

lever, button, or other apparatus in the skinner box which can deliver food, turn off an electrified floor, or in some other way affect the environment inside the box positively or negatively. The animal’s interaction with the lever allows researchers to observe changes in behavior in response to repeated reinforcements or punishments.

clark doll experiment

studied the perception of race in children. The namesake researchers, Mamie Phipps and Kenneth were a married team of psychologists and the first African Americans to receive doctorates in psychology at Columbia University.

nice doll

children in the clark doll experiment were asked to point to this, to which most respondents selected the white doll. they were also asked other subjective subjectments regarding two dolls which varied in race

brown v board of education

case in which the supreme court cited the clark doll experiment which indicated that racism in American society created an inherent sense of inferiority in Black children even by the age of five to order desegregation in schools

asch conformity experiment

was performed at Swarthmore College in an attempt to see whether individuals would conform to the thinking of a group of peers in a situation in which the group was clearly wrong.

solomon asch

made his namesake conformity experiment where participants were paired with seven other people—all of whom were in on the plan. The groups were shown a “base” line and three other lines, and were asked to pick which was the same length as the “base” line.

base line

object in the asch conformity experiment. subjects were asked to select an option which had the same length as this object. On pre-planned trials, the seven confederates each intentionally picked a line that was clearly a different length, which prompted the subject of the experiment to do so too

milgram obedience experiment

experiment in which the subject was led to believe they were administering electric shocks to a “learner” (who was assisting in running the experiment) to punish the learner for making mistakes.

stanley milgram

psychologist at yale university who was inspired to conduct his namesake obedience experiment by the high-profile trial of Adolf Eichmann, who claimed the Nazis carrying out the Holocaust did it because they were merely “following orders.”

adolf eichmann

nazi who inspired stanley milgram by claiming the Nazis carrying out the Holocaust did it because they were merely “following orders.”

learner

victim of the milgram obedience experiment who was assisting in running the experiment. Subjects were ordered to increase the voltage to dangerously high levels as the experiment continued, as this person screamed in pain and pleaded with them to stop

bobo doll experiment

experiment where children observed an adult interacting with a large self-righting toy designed to look like a clown. in some cases, the adult ignored it, and other cases saw the adult screaming and hitting it.

albert bandura

stanford researcher who wanted to study the effect of watching an adult model on the behavior of children in the bobo doll experiment. he found that children who observed an adult acting aggressively toward the doll were far more likely to act aggressively

social learning theory

theory supported by the bobo doll experiment which holds that behaviors may be learned by observing models.

small world experiment

milgram experiment where a number of people in Nebraska and Kansas were asked to send a package to Boston by giving it to a personal acquaintance who they believed would be most likely to know the person in Boston.