Exam 2 Nursing Research

Purpose of research literature review

to provide information to guide a high quality study

Primary source for research review

research reports that are descriptions of the studies written by researchers who conducted them.

Secondary Sources research review

Descripition made by someone other than the original researcher.

Major steps and strategies in a Narrative Research Review

1. Formulate and Refine the primary and secondary research questions

2. Device search strategy(Identify Keywords, Databases and other sources): Document search decisions and results organize materials

3. Search for, indenitify, and retrieve primary source material.:Document search decisions and result organize materials

4. Screen the abstract for relevance: Idenitify new references and new leads + discard sources that irrevelant

5. Extract and record information from studies.

6. Critically apraise the studies.

7. Analyze and intergrate information and search for themes.

8. Prepare for synthesis/critical summary

Biblographical databases

Database searches that can done on computers and tablets has largest number of research references.

Ancestry Approach

using references cited in recent relevant studies to track down earliest research on the same study

gray literature

studies with limited distrubution such as conference papers and unpublished reports.

Descendant approach

to find a pivolt study we search citation index to find a more recent the study cited the study.

Eligibility criteria

limiting your search through filters

Indentifying keywords

reviews that begins with a bunch of search terms

Pico

Population

Influence/Intervene

Comparison

Outcome

Searching electronic databases

-Coded to facilitate retrieval.

-some are free of charge and some are sold commerically.

-user friendly

-subject heading searching

-keywords

-mapping: a feature that facilitates a search using your own keywords

Boolean

used to expand or delimit a search

boolean operators are: ,or, and not.

Truncation

expands search to include all forms of the root words uses an * (asterik)

Wildcard symbol

a question that can be inserted into middle of a search that can allow alternative spelling

Screening and gathering reference

-Title of the article

-Examine the abstract

-Purge duplicates

-Open access journal

-Retrieve full text of references

Critical Appraisal of Evidence

-Research Critique vs Critical appraisal

-Peer Reviews

-Appraisal of Invidual studies.

-Critical Assement Skills Programme(CASP)

-Evalauting a body of research

Theory

an abstraction that purports to account or explains a phenomena

Grand Theory

A theory attempts to explain large aspects of the human experience

Middle range theory

a that focuses on specific aspects of the human experience

Practice Theory

Highly Specific, Narrow in Scope, and has action orientation

Conceptual Models/Frameworks/Schemes

-Deals with an abstractions assembled in coherent schemes.

-A less formal attempt than theories to explain phenomena

-Do not have formal stances about relationships among phenomena.

Conceptual Maps

-Visual representations about some aspects of reality.

-Uses concepts as building blocks with minimal usage of words.

-Common in qualitative and quantitave research.

Theoretical Framework

Based on a theory

Conceptual Framework

based on a conceptual model

Nursing Metaparadigm/Conceptual model of Nursing

-Human Beings
-Environment

-Health

-Nursing

Commonalities between theories and conceptual models

-cannot be proven: to greater or lesser degrees.

-can serve as a stimuli for research

-can used to generate a hypothesis

Ray’s Adaptation Model

-Humans are viewed as a biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope with environmental changes with the process of adaption

Orem’s Self Care Deficit Theory

Patients are responsible for their own care only need nurse assistance if they’re unable to meet their own self care needs.

Pender Health Promotion Model

-Health promotion entails activites directed towards developing resources that maintains or enchances a person’s wellbeing.

Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory

Describes comfort existing in 3 forms relief, transcendence, and ease.

-Describes 4 contexts in which patient comfort can occurs; physical, pyschospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural.

Bandara’s Social Cognitive Theory

-Self efficacy concerns people’s belief in their own capacity to carry out particular behaviors.

-Self efficacy expectations influence the behaviors a person choses to perform, their degree of peverance, and the quality of performance.

Use of theories in research

-Testing a theory

-Testing two competing theories

-Using a theory/model as organized structure.

-Fitting a problem into theory

-developing original theory/model.

The numberg code

Developed after nazi crimes were made public in the the numberg trial was international effort to set ethical standards

The declaration of Helsinki

Another set of international set of ethical principals regarding human experimentation was adopted by world medical association

ANA codes of Ethics

a document with interprepative statements that includes principals that apply to nursing researchers

ICN codes of ethics for nurses

Is a statement that guides ethically nurse practice globally.

Belmont Report

Serves as basis for regulations affecting research sponsored by US government

Ethical Dilemna

is situation in which the rights of participants are in direct conflict with the requirements for the study.

Benefience

-freedom from harm and discomfort

-protection from explotation

Respect for Human Diginity

-The right to self determination

-The right to full disclosure

Informed Consent

participants have adequate information about the study, understand the information, and can consent or decline participation voluntarily.

Anonymity

researchers can’t link participants to their data

Confidentiality

is a pledge that any information participants provides will not be reported in a manner that indenitifies them will not be acessible to others

Justice

-The right to fair treatment

-The right to privacy

Instiutional Review Board

they ensure that the proposed research plan meets the federal requirements for ethical research

Vulrenable groups

vulnerable populations may be incapable of giving fully informed consent or may be at risk for unattended side effects based on circumstances

Experiment, True Experiment, Experimental Study

randomized control trial

Quasi Experimental Study

Controlled clinical trial, clinical trial without randomization

Non experimental/Corrential study

observational study

Retrospective Study

Case control study

Prospective Non Experimental Study

cohort study

Group or Condition

Group or Arm

Experimental Group

treatment or intervention group

Dependent Variable

outcome or end point

Experiment

-Randomized Control Trial:
Gold Standard

-Manipulation

-Control

-Randomization

Manipulation

-Doing something to the study particpants

-Experimenter maniuplates the independent variable by administering a treatment (intervention) to some subjects and witholding it from other, by adminstering some other treatment.

-Has interventions: Tailored Interventions/Patient Centered Interventions

Randomization

-Involves placing subjects into treatment conditions at random.

-Approximates the ideal but impossible counterfactual of having some people in mutiple treatment groups simultaneoulsy.

-Basic Randomization

Manipulation examples

No treatment, Alternative Treatment, Placebo, Standard Treatment, Different Dosages of Treatment, and Waitlist

Control group

refers to a group of participants whose perfomance on an outcome is used to evaulate the treatment group on the same outcome

Treatment Group

set of participants in experiment that receives the specific condition, intervention, or variable being tested.

Quasi Randomization

is a method of allocating participants in a manner that’s not strictly random

Stratified randomization

-In which randomization occurs separately for distinct subgroups (eg males and female)

Partial Randomization

people without a strong treatment preference are randomized

Cluster Randomization

which involves randomly assigning cluster rather than people to different treatment groups

Counterfactual

What would happen to same group of people exposed to causal factor if they weren’t exposed to it

Blinding or Masking

The prevention of those involved in a study from having information that could lead to bias.

Bias

any influence that distorts the results of a study and undermines validlity

Single Blind Study

A study in which only one group does not know participants status in terms of the group which they have been assigned to

Double Blind Study

In which two sets of people are blinded in which neither participant nor those who administer the treatment know who is in the experimental or control group

Pottest only design

data on outcome are only collected after randomization and completion of intervention

Pretest pottest design

mixed designs: analyses can examine both differences between groups and changes within the group overtime.

Hawthorne Effect

The effect on outcome resulting from people’s awareness that they participants are under a study

Clinical Trials phase 1

occurs after development of the drug or therapy is designed to establish safety and tolerance to determine the optimal dosae

Clinical Trials phase 2

Involves gathering evidence about interventions praticability.

Clinical Trials Phase 3

A full test of the intervention a randomized control trial

Clinical Trials phase 4

are studies of effectiveness of the intervention in a general population

Evaluation of Research

effectiveness of a program, policy, or procedure.

-assists in decision maker.

Qualy

Measurement of disease burden includes both quality and quantity of life lived.

CER

involves in direct comparsion of two or more health interventions

Health services research

Broad field that studies how organizational structures, processes, social factors, and personal behaviours affect acess to healthcare, the cost and quality of healthcare, people health and well being.

Outcome research

comprises efforts to understand the end results of structure and processes of health care and assses the effectiveness of health care services

Survery Research

Non experimental research involves gathering people’s characteristics, behaviours, and intentions by asking them to answer questions

Secondary analysis

researchers analyze the previously collected data

need assesment

-needs of a group or community

delphi survery

-problem solving

-several rounds of questionnaires

Methodologic Studies

aims at gathering about strategies of conducting quality research

Population

the aggregate cases in which a researcher interested in

Accesible Population

the aggregate of cases that apply to the criteria and that acessible for a study

Target Population

the aggregate of cases which researcher would like to generalize

Translational research

systematic effort to convert basic research knowledge into practical applications to enchance the human well being

Implementation Research

solves problems in the implementation of health care improvements such as new programs, policies, or practices

Replication Studies

Identical to another study.

-Can findings replicated in another setting?

eligibility/inclusive criteria

criteria that specify population characteristics.

-cost

-practical constraints

-people ability to participate

-Design Considerations

-Exclusion Cricteria

Sampling

selection of a portion of the population to represent the entire population

Element

basic unit about which information is collected

Sample

a subset of population elements

Strata

sub populations; mutually exclusive segment of a population

staged sample

sample are sometimes collected in multiple in phases

sampling bias

the systematic over or underrepresentation of segments of the population on key variables.