AP European History Chapter 14 (copy)

Magellan

• Portuguese explorer who went on a trip to prove he can find a sea passage to Asia from America

• The trip was longer than expected because a storm slowed down Magellan’s crew: This led to running out of food and people ate maggots and cakes of sawdust and urine from rats

• Magellan ended up in the Philippines (named after the king of Spain, King Philip) and ended dying there because the Natives got mad at

• Magellan and his crew for going onto their land Only one out of five ships returned to Spain after this

Prester John

• A magical kingdom in Africa and a Christan community in southern India that was supposedly founded for Thomas (apostle of Jesus)

• Europeans believed that the world outside of Europe was filled with rare stones and gold and other variable items

Marco Polo

• undertook the long journey to the court of the great Mongol “Khubi Khan”

• His travel was recorded in The Travels from his point of view

• His texts inspired people to explore outside of Europe, especially to reach Asia by sea to get spices and precious items, he inspired Columbus (Booooo)

"God, glory and gold"

• Why people wanted to explore outside of Europe (the Motivation)

• A Spanish Conquistador once said their mission in the new world was to “Serve God and his majesty” and spread Christianity to others and get rich

portolani

• word meaning charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians which helped people that were going on voyages

• it had details on coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings

• Since these charts were drawn flat and didn’t show the sphere of the Earth, it wasn’t that big of use for overseas voyages and some people believed that the Earth was flat because of this but at the end of the 15th century, Europeans made an accurate version of the map we know today

Ptolemy

• Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance

• One of the most important worlds maps available to the Europeans at the end of the 15 century

• It has existed since the 8th century known to Arab geographers but later on, it has been translated by 1477 and it has shown Europe, Asia and Africa, and two oceans

• This led Columbus to sail west from Europe to Asia

Compass and astrolabe

• Some of the new technology developed to help sailors explore the high sea

• The compass was used to see what direction the sailors were going and the astrolabe was another tool used to see what direction you would go but it used the star as a guide

Henry the Navigator

went to Africa in the search of gold but returned to Portugal with slaves that were sold

Gold Coast

Europeans called it this because they found an area with a new source of gold

Dias and da Gama

• Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim Merchants

• Once he came to Calicut, he announced that he came in search for “Christians and Spices”

• As a result, he couldn’t find any Christians but he managed the get the spices he wanted and lost 2 ships en route

Goa and Malacca

Goa - headquarters for Portuguese operations throughout the entire region Malacca - Muslim rulers turn this city into a thriving port and a major stopping point for trade; got seized by the Portuguese, which weaked the Arab control of the spice trade and opened en route to spice islands

Columbus

• believed the Earth was round, which made him sail west instead around Africa

• got rejected by the Portuguese so he went to Queen Isabella to finance the trip and got three boats The Pinta, The Nina, and The Santa Maria

• Sailed on August 3, 1492, and arrived in the Bahamas on Oct 12 of the same year

• Found Natives which he called the “Indians”, assuming he landed in Asia and wanted to convert them to Christianity

Treaty of Tordesillas

• divided up the “newly” discovered world into Portuguese and

• Spanish spheres of influence 2 years after Columbus sailed Most of South America fell within the Spanish Sphere

Conquistadors

• Meaning “Cobqurers”, leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century

• These people were successful from their weapons, organization skills, and determination for spreading the religion and gathering spices and gold

Tenochtitlan

• The Capital of the Aztec empire settle in Mexico

• The Aztecs built cities, temples, homes, and buildings

• An Aqueduct was built in the 15 century and this caused the Capital to benefit from different routes that brought many goods and freshwater

• Basically, the Capital connected different islands to the mainland

Cortes

• Conquered the Aztec empire

• Went to Tenochtitlan and made alliances with Montezuma believed that he was a god that promised to the Aztecs and gave gold, gifts, and a place to stay to the foreigners

• In the end, the Spaniards took over the empire and brought diseases that killed the Aztec population because they are not immune to European diseases, which made the Aztecs surrender

Pizarro

• Conquered the Inca Empire

• The Inca Empire was a victim of Pizarro because he had advanced weapons like Gunpowder, weapons, and horses while the Incas had arrows and spears

• He executed, Atahualpa and captured the Inca capital of Cuzco, and established the capital of Lima

Encomienda

• an economic and social system that permitted the conquering Spanarids to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers

• People living fart from Spain ignored this rule and used the Indians as forced labor to mine gold and silver for the Spaniards as well as work in plantations

• Diseases also decreased the Indian population a lot from this

De las Casas

helped abolished the Encomienda system and provided more protection for the natives

Viceroy

• the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas

• They should represent a royal person, and hold the superior government administers justice equally to all subjects and promote calm and peace in those provinces

• Audiences were established, which were military officers

Disease

• Any of the Conquestdors that have visited “the new world” given the people that already lived there smallpox, which was highly contagious

• Smallpox can travel through the air or direct contant on clothing

• With Smallpox, killed over ⅓ of the Indian population and when Cortes revisited the Aztec empire, all you can see is corpses on the ground

Triangular trade

• a pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy. forming a triangle

• Europe would ship out guns, gin, and cloth to Africa, which they were traded for a cargo of slaves, which were shipped to the Americas and sold, and in return were tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, and coffee back to Europe to be sold in markets and this process repeats

Middle Passage

• The journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as the middle leg of the Triangular trade

• The slaves had a higher death rate compared to slaves born in the new world, where they developed immunity for diseases Buying a new slave was actually cheaper than raising one

Effects of the slave trade

• the lives of slaves and their families, slaves don’t live as long because they don’t have immunity

• depopulation

• poverty for slave families

• increases warfare due to African chiefs getting pissed over the Europeans taking the slaves in order to maintain supply for the Europeans

Dutch East India Co.

• established pepper plantations, which became successful for profits for the Dutch merchants

Robert Clive and British East India Co.

• chief representative of British East India Co.

• Consolidate British control

• The companies' expansion thor its authority into the interior was believed to be a good economic decision

“merely by her bulk and appearance”

meaning how much appearance?

Nagasaki

• A foreign trading port for Europeans

• There were regulations like the dutch was allowed to stay in japan and dutch ships were allowed to dock once a year and stay for 2-3 months

Sugar

• Sugar factories were located in the Caribbean and played a huge part

• Sugar was Britain’s main export from America

• Almost half a million slaves were working in these factories These plantations were developed by the English and French

Mestizos and mulattoes

• Mestizos - a term relating to child with parents of European and native american indians

• Mulattoes - a child of an African American and white the diversty in Latin America

Missionaries

• Missions to convert Indians to Christianity

• These Missions controlled the lives of the Indians to ensure they remain docile members of the empire by grouping them in villages

• The Catholic churches built hospitals, orphanages, and schools for Indian students

Potosi mines

• The value of previous metals 4x when they opened up

• These gold and sliver affected the Spanish Economy greatly

Columbian Exchange

• The reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas

• Europeans brought back items like tomatoes, Tobacco, chocolate, corn and potatoes; which caused an increase in population and a good food source for the winter and people that own small plots of land

Mercator

• a type of map to the round surface of a sphere and shows the shape of land close to the equator

• Farther away from the equator, the more exaggerated the size becomes

Price revolution

• The dramatic rise in prices (inflation) that occurred throughout europe in the 16th and early 17th century

• Farmers had their wages dropped

• Commercial and Industrial entrepreneurs benefited because of rising prices, expanding markets and cheaper labor costs Cause of capitalism

Joint-stock company

• a company of association that raises capital by sharing shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investments while a board of directors runs the company

• In the first 10 years, investors received money for the Dutch East India Company , which opened Spice Islands and Southeast Asia to the Dutch

• This company made it easier to raise large amounts of capital for world trading ventures

Bank of Amsterdam and Bourse

• A place where the trading of stocks replaced the exchange of goods

• By the 17th century, The Amsterdam of exchange had emerged as the hub of the European Business World

• The greatest banking center in Europe

Mercantilism

• the belief that the total volume of trade is unchangeable

• It came to dominate economic practices

• States protected their economies by hoarding metals, trade polices, promoting colonial development, increasing shipbuilding, supporting trading companies, and encouraging the manufacturing of products to be used in trade

Global economy

• The increase in overseas trade has lead some historians to proclaim the emergence of (blank)

• Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas