September 4: Al-Andalus under the Umayyad Emirs

ca. 850 - Islamicication and Arabization makes significant progress

Mass conversion was under way by 825 

⅓ of population under Islamic rule being personally muslim by 850, not a tiny minority anymore 

Most muslims by this period were converts of local origin

Adab

What: Code of etiquette and a body of knowledge that anyone who wanted to be a civilized person had to know

Where: Elite social settings in Al-Andalus

Significance: Arab islamic culture that sets the tone, even if you are not arab origin or muslim- if you wanted to be prominent and prestigious you needed to be familiar with it 

Ulama

What: A judiciary. These judges were trained and influenced in and by Islam. These people have judicial and religious leadership responsibilities linked with their role.

When: established by Abd al-Rahman during mid to later 700s

Signifiance: Making sure tenets of Islam were keptt up in daily life. religion and law tightly intertwined. Tensions with emir’s as the ulama wanted them to adopt harsher policies against non-Muslims. Emir’s reluctant to do that because would cause tension, so set up tensions between a bunch of groups. Ulama did not have military power, but everyday Muslims saw them as the foundation between right and wrong.

Mozarab 

Maliki School 

What: A school of thought favored by Abd al-Rahman. People were trained under this school, which was created in Middle East. It emphasized ties to Islam. After chaos, they want order