New speech and hearing flashcards

what are the 3 prerequisites for a sound

1. energy source

2. vibrating source

3. a medium through which the disturbance travel

• audible disturbance of a medium produced by a source

• sound is generated when air molecules (or other medium) are pushed together and apart by a vibrating object

what is a sound

the study of physics of sound

what is acoustics

why study acoustics

• sounds of speech can be used to infer what is happening physiologically

• non-invasive

• quick method

• measurement of distance

• extent of spatial separation between 2 points

what is length

quantity of matter in a body

what is mass

physical event that occurs on regular basis

What is time

property of matter whereby a mass in motion will tend to stay in motion, until acted upon by an outside force

a mass at rest will stay in rest,until outside force acts upon it

What is intertia

• amount of force per unit area

• amount of force applied to the surface of an object

what is pressure

• force that causes a deformed structure to return to its original shape 9restoring force)

what is elasticity

the decrease in amplitude of vibration over time

what is damping

opposition to motion

what is impedance

• motion of mass in alternating opposite direction when displaced

• can be shown by sound wave

what is vibration/oscilation

what is referring to space in lungs

lung volumes

what is combinatinos of lung volumes that express physiological limitts

lung capacities

which lung capacity is when all muscles are relaxed, point at end of quiet exhalation just before inhalation, what is left

functional residual capacity

which lung capacity is maximum usable volume of air that can be exhaled and inhaled, depending on age

vital capacity

what is vital capcity of child

1-2 liter

wha tis vital capcty of adult

3-5 liters

what lung volume is air actually inhaled and exhaled during breathing

tidal volume

what capcity is maximim amount of air you can inhale past REL

inspiratory capacity

what volume is amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a given inspiratory level

inspiratory reserve volume

what volume in amount of air that can be exhaled beyond a given expiratory evel

expiratory reserve volume

what volume is amount of non-usable air left in lungs after expiration, cannot eb forced unles ssuper winded, stops air from collapsing

residual volume

what is vital capacity + residual volume

total lung capacity

what does thyroarytenoid do

tense and relax

what is time for each vibratory cycle

period

what is number of cycles per second Hz

frequency

what is heightsof waveform, amximum poitns of displacement on wave

ampltitude

what is distace in space that sound wave occupeis, measure from any point in one cycle to corresponing point in next cycle

wavelength

what are the types of sound waves

• periodic wave-

• aperiodic wave

• complex periodic wave

which sound wave repeats itself at regular intervals over time, sine wave is a tope of periodic wave, only one frequency

periodic wave

which sound wave vibration is random, no repeatable pattern

aperiodic wave

which sound wave is mad eup of two ro mor periodic signal, each signal has its own frequency of vibration

compelx period wave

aperiodic sound wave

complex periodic wave

what are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

harmonics

what are the doubling or halving of a frequency

octaves

for human speech how much source decay per octave (amplitude

-12 dB

what dscribed fequency characteristics as they are affected by movement

doppler effect

accroding ot dopper effect as object moves towards you frequency does wha

increases

according to doppler effect as obkect moves away from you

frequency goes down

what is on the x axis of spectro gram

time

what is on the Y axis of spectrogram

loudness/frequency , amplitude

what sound waves move in arc, air particles that move at right angles to the wave propagation

transverse waves

what is similiar to simple harmonic motion

transverse wave

what is cycles per second

fundamental frequency

what is the source part of source filter theory related to

vocal fold functioning

how is the source part visualzed

fundamental frequency and harmonic frequency

what is filter characterisitcs of source filter theory

• shape of the vocal tract

• formants

• transfer functions

what is radiation characterisitcs of source filter theory

• effect of sound leaving the mouth

• sound is then radiated in air

what is dB of raditaion peroctave

+6dB

what sounds are emphasized according to radiation characteristics

higher frequency sounds

what can a raw wave form show

• periods

• fundamental frequency (cycles per second)

• amplitutde

what can you not get from raw wave form

• information on individual periodic signal that make up signal

  • fourier anaylis will be needed

what is decomposes a complex periodic waveform into individual component frequencies, can be displayed as a lien spectrum

fourier analysis

what does a wavelegnth depend on

frequency of vibration and velocity of a sound wave propagation in the medium

what is the inverse relationship of wavelength

• high frequency=shorter wavelength

  • low frequency= longer wavelength

what is most important component of speed of sound through medium

elasticity

what is x axis and y axis of spectrogram

x axis- time

y axis-frequency

the restoring forces acting on an object is directly proportional to the displacement of the object from its equilibrium positions but in the opposite direction

simple harmonic motion

what is a sound that may be composed of one or more frequencies. a sound of a single frequency

pure tone

what is the x axis and y axis of a waveform

x axis time

y axis amplitude

what is x and y axis of line spectrum

x axis frequency (pitch)

y axis amplitude (loud)

what are used to describe filter of source filter thory, natural mode of vibration of vocal tract, identified by number?

formants

each formant is associated with a

peak

the first formant has an inverse relationship with what

tongue height (high vowels have low f1)

the second formant has an inverse relationship with

tongue advancement

as sound waves travel through the vocal tract harmonics __ to resonating frequencing are amplified

close

as sound travels through the vocal tract what happens to harmonics that are beyond the cut offs

not amplified

why can the vocal tract be viewed as broadly tuned resonator

• bandwidth wide

• many frequencies within this range will be amplified

• harmonics are still there, some are just louder

what is the highest point on sound wave

crest

what is the lowest point on sound wave

trough