INDG 1220 TEST 2 COPY 1
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What was the North West Company (NWC)?
A Montreal-based fur trading company formed in 1776 that competed with the Hudson’s Bay Company.
When was the NWC active?
It became a major force in the 1780s and merged with the HBC in 1821.
What was the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)?
An English fur trading company organized in 1670 with a monopoly over the Hudson Bay drainage basin.
What was Rupert’s Land?
The territory granted to the HBC, covering the drainage basin of Hudson Bay.
How did the NWC and HBC relationship end?
They competed as fur trading rivals until merging in 1821.
How did the fur trade affect Indigenous peoples?
It contributed to Christianization, intermarriage, armed conflict, overtrapping, disease, and European expansion.
What were six major effects of the fur trade?
Christianization, intermarriage, armed conflict, overtrapping, disease, and expansion of European society.
How did the fur trade contribute to Christianization?
Missionaries converted many Indigenous peoples to Christianity.
How did the fur trade contribute to intermarriage?
European traders and Indigenous peoples formed marriages and family relationships.
How did the fur trade contribute to armed conflict?
Competition over trade and alliances contributed to conflicts between Indigenous nations and European powers.
What was overtrapping?
Trapping too many fur-bearing animals, reducing animal populations and affecting Indigenous economies.
Which diseases spread through the fur trade?
Smallpox, influenza, and measles.
What was one major demographic effect of disease?
Indigenous populations suffered devastating declines after contact with Europeans.
What happened to the Wendat population from disease?
Class notes estimate that 60% died during the 1600s.
What happened to the Dene Suline population from disease?
Class notes estimate that 50% died during the 1700s.
How did European expansion affect Indigenous peoples?
European settlements and colonial societies expanded onto Indigenous territories.
How did the fur trade affect Inuit communities?
European tools, guns, motorboats, store-bought goods, and missionaries changed Inuit life.
What happened to Inuit settlement patterns over time?
Centralized settlements contributed to the loss of semi-nomadic life by the 1960s and 1970s.
What were fur-bearing animals used for in Europe?
Their furs were used for clothing and other goods, creating demand for the fur trade.
What did Europeans trade to Indigenous peoples?
Trade goods included European tools, firearms, metal goods, and other manufactured items.
What was the Haudenosaunee War also called?
The Mourning Wars.
When did the Haudenosaunee War take place?
1609–1701.
Why did the Haudenosaunee wage Mourning Wars?
They believed warriors killed in battle needed to be avenged so they could enter the afterlife.
What tactics did the Haudenosaunee use?
Guerrilla tactics, warfare, and alliances with other nations.
Who were the French allied with during the Haudenosaunee War?
The Mi’kmaq, Wendat, and Odaawaa.
Why was the Haudenosaunee War difficult for both sides?
Warfare, shifting alliances, and the need to avenge deaths prolonged the conflict.
What happened to the Wendat during the Haudenosaunee conflicts?
Disease, warfare, and disrupted trade caused population losses and dispersal.
What role did the Wendat play before their dispersal?
They were major participants in northern trade and important French allies.
What happened after the Haudenosaunee conflicts?
The Haudenosaunee became a regional power and pushed the French west.
What were the Mesquakie (Fox) Wars?
Conflicts between the French and Mesquakie that lasted from 1710 to 1738.
Who were the Mesquakie allied with during the Fox Wars?
They were allied with the Haudenosaunee.
How was slavery involved in the Mesquakie Wars?
French forces enslaved Indigenous captives, including Mesquakie people.
How many Mesquakie slaves were recorded in French families from 1713–1716?
Class notes report approximately 80.
For how much were older Mesquakie children and adolescents sold?
Class notes state 400 livres.
When was the Seven Years’ War in North America?
1754–1763.
Who won the Seven Years’ War?
The British defeated the French.
What happened at the Plains of Abraham?
British forces defeated the French near Quebec in 1759.
What happened to New France in 1763?
It was transferred to British control.
How did the British victory affect Indigenous bargaining power?
Indigenous peoples lost an important European ally and some bargaining leverage.
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
A British declaration recognizing Indigenous land rights and setting rules for acquiring Indigenous land.
What did the Royal Proclamation say about Indigenous land?
Indigenous lands were reserved for their use and could only be transferred to the Crown.
What was “Indian title” according to the notes?
Indigenous occupancy and use of land while the Crown held underlying sovereign title.
What role did the Crown claim under the Royal Proclamation?
The Crown claimed a trustee and protector role toward Indigenous peoples and their lands.
Why did settlers resent the Royal Proclamation?
They could not purchase Indigenous land directly from Indigenous peoples.
What were Peace and Friendship Treaties concerned with?
Hunting, fishing, trading, peaceful relations, and maintaining alliances.
Who was Pontiac?
An Odaawaa war chief, also called Obwaandi’eyaag, who resisted British colonial expansion.
What influenced Pontiac’s resistance?
A Lenape prophet’s spiritual vision encouraged Indigenous peoples to reject European influence.
What did General Amherst propose during Pontiac’s resistance?
Plans involving smallpox-infested blankets, as described in the class notes. Genocide basically
What happened to Pontiac?
He was assassinated by a Peewaarehwaa warrior.
What was the War of 1812 about?
A war involving Britain and the United States in which Indigenous peoples fought to resist American expansion.
Why did the United States want western lands?
American expansionists sought to extend settlement into western territories.
Who was Tecumseh?
A leader who promoted unity among Indigenous nations to resist American expansion.
Who was Tenskwatawa?
Tecumseh’s brother, a Shawnee prophet.
What was Tecumseh’s pan-Indigenous movement?
An effort to unite many Indigenous nations to resist American territorial expansion.
Why did Tecumseh ally with the British?
He saw the British as the lesser of two evils compared with American expansion.
How many Indigenous nations followed Tecumseh, according to the notes?
More than 30 nations.
What happened to Tecumseh?
He died in 1813 after British support failed to meet his expectations.
What was the Treaty of Ghent?
The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812 and restored the pre-war border.
How did the War of 1812 affect Indigenous peoples?
They lost an important bargaining tool as British-American conflict ended and settlement continued.
What two approaches shaped British policy toward Indigenous peoples?
Assimilation and isolation.
What is assimilation?
Absorbing Indigenous peoples into another culture by suppressing or erasing their own cultures, languages, religions, and customs.
What was one method used to promote assimilation?
Model villages controlled by missionaries.
What was Sir Francis Bond Head’s approach?
He disagreed with assimilation and favoured isolating Indigenous peoples.
What was the Bagot Commission?
An 1842–1844 commission that investigated Indigenous affairs, reserves, land management, and education.
What did the Bagot Commission recommend about education?
It recommended boarding schools, which developed into the residential school system.
What was the Gradual Civilization Act of 1857?
Legislation that promoted enfranchisement and assimilation of Indigenous men who met strict conditions.
What was enfranchisement?
A process through which an Indigenous person lost legal Indian status and associated rights under colonial policy.
What conditions applied to enfranchisement under the 1857 Act?
A man had to be over 21, literate in English or French, educated, debt-free, and considered morally suitable.
How did enfranchisement affect a man’s family under the 1857 Act?
His wife and children also lost their status.
What was the Act for Gradual Enfranchisement of Indians of 1869?
Legislation that introduced elected chiefs and band councils while expanding government control.
How did the 1869 Act affect women’s political rights?
Women were excluded from voting in the new band council system.
How did the 1869 Act affect Indigenous women’s status?
Women who married non-status men lost status, and their children were also denied status.
What was the Indian Act of 1876?
Federal legislation consolidating government control over Indigenous status, governance, land, and cultural practices.
How did the Indian Act define who was legally “Indian”?
It imposed government-defined status rules that emphasized male lineage.
How did the Indian Act affect Métis people in Manitoba?
The class notes state that Métis people of Manitoba were denied Indian status under the Act.
How did the Indian Act affect Indigenous governance?
It imposed elected chiefs and band councils with limited powers.
How did the Indian Act affect land use?
It promoted individual land lots instead of communal land use.
How did the Indian Act restrict Indigenous culture?
It introduced or supported restrictions on ceremonies, traditional clothing, and cultural practices.
What was one protective feature of the Indian Act?
It included some protections concerning reserve property.
What happened under the 1885 amendments to the Indian Act?
Certain Indigenous ceremonies were banned.
What happened to control over non-Indigenous residents on reserves in 1894?
Band control over those residents was removed.
What happened to reserve lands under the 1905 and 1911 changes?
The government gained powers to remove Indigenous people from some reserves and expropriate reserve land for public works.
What happened to traditional clothing at public events in 1914?
Official permission was required under the restriction described in the notes.
What happened to uncultivated reserve lands in 1918?
The government could lease them to non-Indigenous people.
What happened to Indigenous land claims in 1928?
The government controlled the ability to pursue land claims.
What changed with the Indian Act revision of 1951?
Some cultural prohibitions were removed, administration changed, and provincial laws applied to some matters.
How did the 1951 revision affect Indigenous women’s political participation?
Indigenous women were allowed to participate in band council democracy.
What was the “double-mother rule”?
A status rule in the 1951 Act that could affect a person’s status based on their mother’s and grandmother’s status.
What happened to restrictions on potlatches and traditional clothing in 1951?
The relevant bans were removed.
What legal changes came with the 1951 Indian Act revision?
Provincial laws applied to matters not covered by the Indian Act, including child welfare.
What are the two major themes behind the Indian Act?
Assimilation and government control over Indigenous peoples, lands, status, and governance.